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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog While most operating experience with fuel cells has been with natural gas, there are a handful of fuel cell installations operating in the United States powered by digester gas or LFG. Both PAFC and MCFC configurations have been demonstrated. These systems require a different fuel reformer with larger fuel injectors and additional piping. Gasifiers typically produce contaminants, which need to be removed before the hydrogen enters the fuel cell anode. The contaminant levels are dependent upon both the fuel composition and the gasifier employed. To meet the fuel standards described in Table 6-7, the gas product from the gasifier must be processed, which might involve gas cleanup, reforming, and purification. Gas cleanup equipment that efficiently and reliably removes contaminants to the specifications required by fuel cells is yet to be demonstrated. Since fuel cells are in the early stages of commercial introduction, long-term experience on both natural gas and biogas has been limited, making it difficult to estimate what impacts the use of biogas would have on overall equipment and maintenance costs. Units operating on biogas would likely cost slightly more than natural gas versions and have a small decline in output. Maintenance would also likely be higher as biogas with more impurities might require increased cleaning and maintenance of the fuel gas reformer. It is likely that both equipment and maintenance costs of a biogas-fueled fuel cell would be at least 10 percent higher than a comparable natural gas-fueled system. 6.6 Stirling Engines Like internal combustion engines, the Stirling engine is a reciprocating engine. However, the Stirling engine is an externally heated engine, and if that heat is supplied by a combustion process, it is an external combustion engine. The heat is transferred to the working gas and is then converted to work via the Stirling thermodynamic cycle. The internal combustion engine, by comparison, requires a pressure change—generated by burning of fuel in the cylinder—to work. Because the Stirling engine heat is supplied externally, a wide variety of heat sources can be used (such as fossil fuels, solar, nuclear, and waste heat), but the Stirling engine is particularly well-suited to biomass fuels. As an external combustion engine, fuel is burned in a continuous manner outside of the Stirling engine’s cylinders. This is unlike an internal combustion engine, where the fuel is injected into the cylinders intermittently and then exploded. Thus, external combustion allows for more complete burning of the fuel, which results in lower emissions. The external combustion also provides the extra benefit of reduced noise and vibration compared to internal combustion engines. To complete the thermodynamic cycle, a Stirling engine must also be externally cooled. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways: Forced or free convection cooling (e.g., air flowing over fins). Water, ethylene glycol, or a mixture of both circulated through a cooling jacket surrounding the cold end of the engine. (The coolant is kept cool by a heat exchanger similar to or identical to a radiator in an automobile.) Stirling engine systems are not commercially available today for stationary power applications. A number of Stirling generating systems are under development, and prototype systems are in field testing in wastewater treatment and other biomass applications. The key research and development challenge facing Stirling engine commercialization is to develop and mass-produce reliable, low-cost Stirling engines that compete with the cost and performance achieved by other traditional technologies. Typical Stirling engine CHP systems are compared in Table 6-8. 6. Power Generation Technologies 76PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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