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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Table 7-1. Key Economic Assumptions Key Economic Assumptions Value Biomass fuel cost ($/MMBtu) Displaced natural gas cost ($/MMBtu) Displaced retail average electricity cost ($/kWh) Biomass system availability (%) Cost of capital (%) System economic life (years) Annual capital recovery factor (%) Direct Firing of Biomass (Boilers With Steam Turbines) $2.00 $6.00 $0.07 90 8 20 10.2 7.1 Direct firing of solid fuel biomass in a boiler to raise high-pressure steam is the most common CHP configuration in use today. The steam generated in the boiler is used to power a steam turbine generator and, in turn, to serve process needs at lower pressure and temperature. Process steam can be provided by use of an extraction condensing steam turbine, with part of the steam output being extracted from the turbine at the pressure required by the process. This is accomplished through the use of a back- pressure turbine that exhausts all the steam at the pressure required by the process, or through a combination of back-pressure and condensing turbines. Power-only configurations (non-CHP) would send all of the steam through a condensing turbine. As described in Chapter 5, direct-fired systems rely primarily on two types of boilers—fixed bed stoker and variant type boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers. For illustrative purposes, Table 7-2 provides a listing of recent biomass CHP and power-only plants using fixed and vibrating grate stoker boilers ranging in size from 46 to 74 MW. The plants are all primarily fueled by wood waste feedstock. Typical boiler output is 1,500 psig steam pressure and 950o F steam temperature. Capital costs vary from $2,000 to $2,600/kW. The typical features of a biomass power plant are shown in Figure 7-1, representing a schematic of the 46 MW plant in Kettle Falls, Washington. Table 7-2. Example of Biomass Power Plants and Costs Biomass Power Plant Year Installed Fuel Technology Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Total Cost ($ million) Total Cost ($/kW) Kettle Falls (power 1983 only) waste 1 traveling grate stoker, 1,500 psig, 950°F 1 water-cooled vibrating grate, 1,500 psig, 950° F 1 sloping grate, 825 psig, 850°F 3 water-cooled vibrating grate, 1525 psig, 950°F 79 14,100 82.5 $1,940 11,700 125 $2,100 17,000 115 $2,452 13,000 194.5 $2,628 MW 46.0 Mill wood Williams Lake 1993 Generating Station (power only) Snohomish Public 1996 Utility District (CHP) Okeelanta (CHP) 1997 Source: NREL, 2000. 60.0 Mill wood waste 46.9 Mill, urban wood waste 74.0 Bagasse, urban wood waste 7. Representative Biomass CHP System Cost and Performance ProfilesPDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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