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CHP offers flexibility in fuel selection and can take advantage of both fossil fuels and locally- sourced and renewable fuels. 10 9 .ICF International. 2008. Availability, Economics, and Production Potential of North American Unconventional Natural Gas Supplies. IHS/CERA 2008. Power Capital Costs Index. 11 New York Times. July 10, 2007. 12 Casten. June 5, 2008. “Coal is no longer cheap—so what comes next?” Grist. 13 Argus Air Daily. November 12, 2008. 8 7 Elliott. 2006. America’s Energy Straitjacket. ACEEE. Deffeyes. 2001. Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending Oil Shortage. Growing Energy Demand When energy markets stabilized after the 1970s, Americans began to abandon the efficiency and conservation methods that had been implemented to help them cope with the era’s market tumult. Americans today live in larger homes, drive larger cars, have more conditioned space, and use more electronic equipment. While technological improvements and efficiency have improved productivity per unit of energy consumed, this trend is being outpaced by these other factors. CHP reduces growing energy demand by promoting the efficient use of our finite natural resources. Constraints on Traditional Energy Supply In the United States, domestic oil production peaked in 1972 and natural gas production peaked in 1973.7 Globally, oil production may be approaching its peak today.8 Both domestic and foreign oil are becoming more expensive to obtain, as quality (sour crudes) lessens and supplies become more difficult to extract. While North American production and consumption of natural gas are largely in balance, small fluctuations in supply or demand can bring high price volatility. While natural gas can be imported in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG), this requires significant additional infrastructure investment and faces notable environmental obstacles. Domestically, new gas shale formations hold promise to boost natural gas production by 5-10 percent and moderate prices.9 While domestic coal is relatively plentiful, environmental concerns limit its use. Moreover, the cost of building traditional coal-fired power plants has been escalating, driven by pollution control requirements, high construction levels globally, tightness in the equipment and engineering markets, and high prices for raw materials. Overall, capital costs for coal power plants have risen 78 percent since 2000.10 General Electric gives estimates of $2,000–$3,000 per kW for new conventional coal-fired plants, and Duke Energy is proposing to spend $1.83 billion to build an 800-MW plant in North Carolina, or $2,300/kW.11 At $2,500 per kW installed, the delivered price of electricity to consumers would be roughly 10 to 12 cents per kWh, more than 60 percent above current average industrial electricity prices.12 Advanced clean coal technologies will be even more expensive. The use of carbon capture and sequestration and advanced approaches to coal combustion will significantly add to these costs. As an example, Tenaska Energy is seeking $3.5 billion for its proposed 630MW integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal plant in Taylorville, IL. This translates to $5,555/kW.13 CHP systems offer flexibility in fuel selection and can take advantage of both fossil fuels and locally-sourced and renewable fuels such as landfill gas, biomass, or digester gas. Bio-methane sources are particularly well-suited to CHP systems and help supplement traditional natural gas supplies with a renewable resource. This flexibility will be an ever more important advantage in an environment where thermal energy is required and fossil-fuel price and availability is volatile or uncertain. 8 Combined Heat & Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable FuturePDF Image | COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
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