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Existing CHP Capacity Sites by System Type fuel cells. These prime movers are capable of consuming a variety of fuels, including natural gas, coal, oil, and alternative fuels, to produce shaft power or mechanical energy. Although mechanical energy from the prime mover is most often used to drive a generator to produce electricity, it can also be used to drive rotating equipment such as compressors, pumps, and fans. Thermal energy from the system can be used in direct process applications or indirectly to produce steam, hot water, hot air for drying, refrigeration, or chilled water for process cooling. Reciprocating engines are by far the most numerous, but still not a majority, of the CHP prime movers. They are particularly well suited to small and medium applications, as they are cost-effective, readily available, fuel-flexible, and can achieve very high overall efficiencies. By capacity, combined cycle plants comprise just over half the CHP market. These plants typically are very large and serve industrial and utility customers Steam Turbines Steam turbines generate electricity from the heat (steam) produced in a boiler, converting steam energy into shaft power. Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies used to drive a generator or mechanical machinery. The energy produced in the boiler is transferred to the turbine through high-pressure steam that in turn powers the turbine and generator. This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate with a variety of fuels, including natural gas, solid waste, coal, wood, wood waste, and agricultural by-products. The capacity of commercially available steam turbines ranges from 50 kW to more than 250 MW. Ideal applications of steam turbine-based CHP systems include medium- and large-scale industrial or institutional facilities with high thermal loads, and where solid or waste fuels are readily available for boiler use. Reciprocating Engines Reciprocating internal combustion engines are the most widespread technology for power generation, commonly for small, portable generators to large industrial engines that power generators of several megawatts. Spark ignition engines for power generation generally use natural gas, though they can be set up to run on propane or landfill and biogas, and are available in sizes up to 5 MW. Reciprocating engines start quickly, follow load well, have good part-load efficiencies, and generally are highly reliable. In many instances, multiple reciprocating engine units can enhance plant capacity and availability. Reciprocating engines are well suited for applications that require hot water or low-pressure steam. Gas Turbines Combustion or gas turbines are an established power generation technology available in sizes from several hundred kW to more than 100 MW. Gas turbines produce high-quality heat that can be used to generate steam for onsite use or for additional power generation (combined cycle). Gas turbines can be Other 17% 46% Reciprocating Engine 25% Boiler/ Steam Turbine 8% Combined Cycle Capacity by System Type Reciprocating Engine 2% Combustion Turbine 13% Combined Cycle 53% 32% Boiler/ Steam Turbine 13% Combustion Turbine Source: EEA, Inc. CHP Installation Database. ii Combined Heat & Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable FuturePDF Image | COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
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