PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 036
Policies and initiatives such as PURPA and the National CHP Challenge spurred significant market growth. 36 Efficiency hurdles were higher for natural gas CHP. 37 Avoided cost is the cost an electric utility would otherwise incur to generate power if it did not purchase electricity from another source. 38 CHP Installation Database developed by Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. for Oak Ridge National Laboratory and U.S. DOE; 2007. www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.html. 39 Ibid. History of CHP Development in the US Decentralized CHP systems located at industrial sites and urban centers were the foundation of the early electric power industry in the United States. However, as power generation technologies advanced, the power industry began to build larger central station facilities to take advantage of increasing economies of scale. CHP became a limited practice among a handful of industries (paper, chemicals, refining, and steel) that had high and relatively constant steam and electric demands and access to low-cost fuels. By the 1960s, the US electricity market was dominated by mature, regulated electric utilities using large, power-only central station generating plants. As a result of this competitive position, utilities had little incentive to encourage customer-sited generation, including CHP. Regulatory barriers at the state and federal levels further discouraged broad CHP development. Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act Partly in response to the oil crisis of the early 1970s, Congress in 1978 passed the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) to promote energy efficiency. PURPA encouraged energy-efficient CHP and power production from renewables by requiring electric utilities to interconnect with “qualified facilities” (QFs). CHP facilities had to meet minimum fuel-specific efficiency standards to become a QF.36 PURPA required utilities to provide QFs with reasonable standby and backup charges, and to purchase excess electricity from them at the utilities’ avoided costs.37 PURPA also exempted QFs from regulatory oversight under the Public Utilities Holding Company Act and from constraints on natural gas use imposed by the Fuel Use Act. Shortly after enacting PURPA, Congress passed a series of tax incentives for energy efficiency technologies, including CHP. The incentives included a limited term investment tax credit of 10 percent and a shortened depreciation schedule for CHP systems. PURPA and the tax incentives successfully expanded CHP—installed capacity increased from about 12,000 MW in 1980 to more than 66,000 MW in 2000.38 Post-PURPA While PURPA promoted CHP development, it also had unforeseen consequences. PURPA was enacted at the same time that larger, more efficient, lower cost combustion turbines and combined cycle systems became widely available. These technologies were capable of producing more power in proportion to useful thermal output compared to traditional boiler/steam turbine CHP systems. Therefore, the power purchase provisions of PURPA, combined with the availability of these new technologies, resulted in the development of very large merchant plants designed for high electricity production. For the first time since the inception of the power industry, nonutility participation was allowed in the US power market, triggering emergence of third-party CHP developers who had more interest in electric markets than thermal markets. As a result, development of large CHP facilities (greater than 100 MW) paired with industrial facilities increased dramatically; today almost 65 percent of existing US CHP capacity, 55,000 MW, is concentrated in plants more than 100 MW in size.39 iv Combined Heat & Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable FuturePDF Image | COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
PDF Search Title:
COMBINED HEAT AND POWEROriginal File Name Searched:
chp_report_12_08.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)