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Tax Treatment Tax policies can significantly affect the economics of investing in new onsite power generation equipment such as CHP. CHP systems do not fall into a specific tax depreciation category, and their depreciation periods can range from 5 to 39 years. These disparate depreciation policies may discourage CHP project ownership arrangements, increasing the difficulty of raising capital and discouraging development. Technical Barriers Investment in CHP is fundamentally a business decision. Technology barriers have impeded full market deployment. These include system and component capital costs, emissions control, fuel costs and flexibility, and risk. There are CHP system limitations with regard to reliability, availability, maintainability, and durability that at times can adversely affect life-cycle costs. Improper installation or lack of coordination between developers and utilities in the planning and installation process of CHP systems can result in technical complications related to grid operations. Continued technology development is needed. Technical R&D Needs for Advancement Several technology barriers must be addressed to improve and integrate CHP projects with an energy portfolio for the 21st century. Key parameters that affect economic viability are operating costs (driven by efficiency and fuel price) and capital costs. Strategic technology development is needed. Improving the energy and environmental performance of CHP and thermal energy recovery technologies (gas turbines, microturbines, engines, fuel cells, desiccants, chillers, and heat recovery systems) will significantly lower capital costs. Increasing fuel flexibility of combustion systems with no degradation of emissions profile, performance, or reliability, availability, maintainability and durability will reduce operating costs and fuel risk. Utilizing waste energy streams to produce useful energy forms with minimal incremental fuel input will improve efficiency. There is also a need for technology demonstrations, technical assistance in implementation, and reporting of lessons learned and best practices. Natural gas has been the fuel of choice for CHP. Natural gas prices have increased substantially and been highly volatile. This has contributed to the recent slow adoption of CHP systems. Technological approaches to address this include improving the fuel efficiency and introducing the capability to switch to alternative fuels, i.e., fuel flexibility. Alternative fuels include renewable resources, such as biogas, or wasted/vented thermal energy. Utilizing alternative fuels requires modifications to a CHP system’s prime mover (i.e. turbine, reciprocating engine, fuel cell, etc.) to use the fuel within acceptable levels of performance, emissions, durability, and ease of maintenance. It also requires investment in fuel gathering, handling, treatment, and storage equipment, which often adds a parasitic load to the system. All of these elements affect the life-cycle cost/benefit analysis. 24 Combined Heat & Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable FuturePDF Image | COMBINED HEAT AND POWER 2008
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