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APPENDIX: CHP Fundamentals The United States currently has 85 gigawatts (GW) of CHP electric generating capacity installed, representing almost 9 percent of total generating capacity. This installed base of CHP generates about 505 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity annually, or more than 12 percent of total electricity generated in the United States. The size of CHP systems can range from 5 kW (the demand of a single-family home) to several hundred MW (the demand of a large petroleum-refining complex). For CHP systems to operate efficiently, a continuous thermal demand is required. This demand can be for laundry or pool-water heating in a hotel, space heating or cooling in a commercial office building, or material drying at a gypsum board factory. The type of thermal demand is unimportant, but must be present close to 24 hours a day for CHP systems to achieve the high efficiencies they are capable of. CHP can be utilized in a variety of applications. Eighty-eight percent of US CHP capacity is found in industrial applications, providing power and steam to large industries such as chemicals, paper, refining, food processing, and metals manufacturing. CHP in commercial and institutional applications is currently 12 percent of existing capacity, providing power, heating, and cooling to hospitals, schools, campuses, nursing homes, hotels, and office and apartment complexes. What Does a CHP System Produce? CHP is unique among electricity-producing technologies and methods because it generates more than one output. For most industrial applications, the thermal energy produced by the systems is the most valued output; electricity is considered a secondary, yet beneficial, by-product. CHP systems can provide the following products: GLOSSARy Btu..... British thermal units Quads .. Quadrillion Btu = 1 x 1015 Btu kW..... Kilowatt = 1,000 Watts GW..... Gigawatt = 1 x 109 Watts MW .... Megawatt = 1 x 106 Watts MMT... Million metric tons GHG.... Greenhouse gas CO2 .... Carbon dioxide SO2 .... Sulfur dioxide NOx .... Nitrogen oxides Capacity Power (power = energy/time), as measured in Watts (or MW, GW, etc.) Generation Energy, as measured in Btu or Watt-hours (Wh) (or kWh, MWh, etc.) Existing CHP Capacity by Application • Electricity • Direct mechanical drive • Steam or hot water • Process heating • Cooling and refrigeration • Dehumidification CHP Systems 12% Commercial/ Institutional 8% Food 5% Primary Metals 8% Other Manufacturing 6% Other Industrial 14% Paper 17% Petroleum Refining CHP systems are complex, integrated systems that consist of various components ranging from prime mover (heat engine), generator, and heat recovery, to electrical interconnection. CHP systems typically are identified by their prime movers or technology types, which include reciprocating engines, combustion or gas turbines, steam turbines, microturbines, and Source: EEA, Inc. CHP Installation Database. 30% Chemical Combined Heat & Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Future iPDF Image | COMBINED HEAT AND POWER 2008
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