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To address water limitations and environmental regulations, air cooling can be used for new thermoelectric power plants, which eliminates over 90% of the water usage.6 The typical dry-cooled plant routes turbine exhaust steam directly to finned tubes on air- cooled condensers. A study of a dry-cooled parabolic trough plant located in the Mojave Desert concluded that dry cooling would provide 5% less electric energy on an annual basis and increase the cost of the produced electricity by 7 to 9%.7 However, the results are location-specific. For example, air cooling at a site in New Mexico would increase the cost of electricity by only 2% because maximum daytime temperatures are considerably lower there than in the Mojave Desert.8 The performance penalty of using air cooling also varies by technology. One study projected the annual electric output of a trough plant to drop by 4.6%, whereas that of a power tower to drop by only 1.3%. A simple model analysis estimates the differences between trough and tower technology using dry cooling will only differ by 0.5%.9 The economic consequences will vary with climate which impacts the cooling system performance, water conditions which affects the cost of water treatment for an evaporative cooling tower, and depend on the premium value of delivered electricity during peak demand consequent with high ambient temperatures. One study showed that the net present value of an air-cooled CSP plant can be improved by using a larger collector field which offsets the lower steam cycle efficiency resulting in higher power output during peak summer hours.10 Hybrid wet/dry cooling systems use some combination of wet and dry cooling to reduce water consumption. Several recent plants built to conserve water have used a parallel cooling system (PCS), which uses both an air cooler (typically smaller than that use for air-cooled-only plant) and a small wet cooling tower operating in parallel for use during the summer.11 In hot weather, the steam exiting the turbine is split with one portion routed to the air-cooled condenser and the other stream routed to the water cooled condenser with heat rejection to an evaporative cooling tower. A model study for a parabolic trough CSP power plant, showed this reduces water consumption 50% with only a 1% drop in annual electrical energy output, or 85% with only a 3% drop in output. For the latter case, the levelized electricity cost would increase about 5% compared to a water-cooled plant, or somewhat less than the cost penalty estimated for a direct dry cooling plant.12 Air cooling and wet/dry hybrid cooling systems offer highly viable alternatives that could reduce the total water usage of steam-generating CSP plants by 80 to 90% at a penalty in electricity cost in the neighborhood of 2 to 10%, depending on plant location and other assumptions.13 The penalty for linear Fresnel designs has not yet been analyzed, but is expected to be somewhat higher than for troughs because of its lower operating temperature. Conversely, power towers would have a lower cost penalty because of their higher operating temperature. Additional research and development (R&D) and field experience should further decrease the need for water and help achieve cost penalties closer to the lower ends of these ranges. Page 5 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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