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Figure 3: State Renewable Portfolio Standard requirements (Union of Concerned Scientists) CSP power plants employing parabolic trough technology have been performing reliably on a commercial scale in the Southwestern United States for more than 15 years.16 Currently there are over 400 MW of generating capacity installed that are producing electricity on a utility scale, and there are power purchase agreements signed to construct an additional 4,000 MW over the next decade. Some of the benefits of CSP technology is that it can provide power during peak demand periods. Problems of solar intermittency can be overcome with thermal storage or hybridization with natural gas, allowing plants to dispatch power to the grid into the evening hours. All of the existing commercial CSP power plants in the U.S. are parabolic trough systems that use a Rankine steam cycle to convert their thermal energy to electricity. This part of the solar plant, referred to as the power block, is similar to that used by coal, natural gas, and nuclear power plants. These power plants achieve the highest efficiencies when they are water-cooled. All operating CSP plants in the U.S. employ evaporative water cooling. The use of water for power plants is becoming constrained.17 For the CSP industry, there is a strong incentive to investigate alternative cooling approaches that minimize the use of water. The most promising of those approaches will be discussed later in this report. Concentrating Solar Power Technologies There are four primary CSP plant designs – solar trough, linear Fresnel, power tower, and dish/engine. All designs use a small amount of water for mirror washing.18 The first three of these technologies operate a steam cycle and require some water for steam makeup and, when they are water-cooled, require a substantial amount of water for heat rejection in a similar way as do water-cooled fossil and nuclear plants.19 The Rankine steam cycle is typical of what is employed in a fossil fueled power plant. Utility managers are thus familiar with the power-generating portion of these plants. Thermal Page 7 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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