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The operating temperature is higher than for line-focus collectors (parabolic troughs and linear Fresnel) but lower than for a dish (see below). Power towers can be coupled with a molten salt energy storage system, allowing energy to be stored at 1050°F. When needed, hot salt is removed from the storage tank and used to generate steam to drive a conventional Rankine steam-turbine power block. A 10 MW power tower has been built in Spain (where three more are under development, one of which is slated to have sixteen-hour molten salt storage), and another is under development in South Africa. Like other collectors that provide heat to a Rankine steam cycle, heat rejection is needed to condense the steam, and this can be air or water cooling, or a hybrid. Some studies have found that this technology has potential for lower costs than line-focus collectors, but this is only for large plant sizes. Because of their higher operating temperatures, the performance of tower systems is somewhat less affected by the higher condenser temperatures associated with dry cooling than line focus technologies. Dish/Engine Systems As shown in Figure 9, this concept uses a field of individual parabolic-shaped dish reflectors that each focus sunlight onto an engine/generator that uses the Stirling thermodynamic cycle to directly produce electricity without producing steam. Because it tracks the sun in two axes, it captures the maximum amount of direct (or beam) solar radiation throughout the day. Because of its high concentration ratio, it can achieve very high temperatures (about 1452°F) and high efficiencies, converting over 30% of the sunlight to electrical energy.20 Individual dish/engine units currently range from 1 to 25 kW in size. Power plants of any size can be built by installing fields of these systems. They can also be installed on uneven land. Figure 8: 10 MW power tower pilot project, Barstow, CA Figure 9: Prototype 150 kW dish/Stirling power plant at Sandia National Laboratory There are no commercial dish installations yet, but two large systems are being planned for southern California. Efforts are underway to minimize the cost and maximize the Page 10 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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