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reliability of the Stirling engines. The engines are air-cooled. Their high operating temperatures allow high efficiencies without water cooling, and no water is needed other than for mirror cleaning. From a water use perspective, dishes are well suited for operation in regions with minimal available water. However, unlike the other CSP technologies discussed here, this technology does not easily lend itself to thermal storage, and so these systems are designed to provide electricity only when the sun is shining. This is a disadvantage to utility scale production in markets where firm generation is required and when the peak load period extends into the evening hours.21 Comparison of Water Usage for Different CSP Cooling Options Because of water limitations, dry cooling and hybrid wet/dry cooling systems are being implemented and considered for both fossil and CSP generating plants. The technical challenges and performance limitations facing CSP are comparable to those of new fossil and nuclear power generating plants. Dry cooling methods are increasingly common for thermal power plants. The disadvantages of dry cooling are higher capital costs, higher auxiliary operating power requirements, fan noise, and an overall lower plant performance, especially on hot days, when the peak power is needed most.22 The relative cost impact to CSP is similar to that of fossil power plants. In a Rankine steam cycle, heat is input at a high temperature (the source temperature) and rejected at a low temperature (the sink temperature). The difference between the heat input and the heat rejected is the work done by the turbine. The efficiency of the cycle (the ratio of the turbine work done to the heat input) is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures. Lowering the sink temperature will in general increase the cycle efficiency. An air-cooled plant will operate at a lower efficiency than a water-cooled plant. Plants that heat the steam to a higher temperature will be less susceptible to changes in the sink temperature. Thus the performance of power tower which operates at a higher steam temperature will be penalized less by air cooling than current trough plants or linear Fresnel designs. Dry cooling when employed for any of these plants will reduce water consumption to zero for the heat rejection system of a Rankine power system, requiring only a minimal amount of water for boiler blowdown, mirror washing and miscellaneous domestic plant uses. A dry-cooled trough plant requires about 80 gal/MWh for cycle makeup and mirror washing.23 This compares to a wet-cooled plant that requires 800 gal/MWh.5 Based on thermodynamic principles, a water-cooled linear Fresnel reflector plant which generates steam directly in the heat collection tube, is estimated to require somewhat more water than a trough plant owing to its lower operating temperature and reduced cycle efficiency (greater heat rejection per MWh of electricity). Conversely, a power Page 11 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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