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tower with a conventional Rankine cycle would presumably use somewhat less water, approximately 600 gal/MWh similar to a coal plant, by virtue of its higher operating temperature and efficiency. Hybrid wet-dry systems have been used which allow the plant to maintain design or near- design performance, albeit at a higher cost for the cooling system (compared to water cooling), while having much lower water usage than a wet evaporative cooling system. Once-through Water Cooling Once-through water cooling returns all of the withdrawn water to the source. Although it does not consume any water in the cooling process, it does increase the temperature and hence the evaporation rate from the body of water. This cooling method is limited in application and is not typically available for a solar power plant. It is also becoming more restricted in California, for example, because of the potential environmental consequences of returning water at an elevated temperature to the environment, and potential mortality of aquatic life due to impingement where the fish are trapped against the intake structure and entrainment, which means organisms are pulled through the cooling system.24 Evaporative Water Cooling The most common cooling method for new power plants is evaporative cooling. This is an economical and high performing power plant cooling technique. The waste heat energy dissipated from the power plant is rejected to the air via evaporation of the cooling water. Typically the evaporation takes place in a cooling tower. This method consumes a considerable amount of water. On a national average, the amount of water consumption of all thermal power generation, using both once-through and evaporative cooling, is approximately 470 gal/MWh.25 The water treatment chemicals and minerals contained in the water being evaporated become concentrated over time, which requires a portion of the cooling water to be drained to remove particulates and salts. This discharge (called “blowdown”) is a potential source of environmental hazard due to the high concentrations of salts. Also, some concern must be given to water with treatment chemicals which drifts into the ambient air and can be source of PM10 (particulates less than 10 microns in diameter) pollution, which is restricted by regulations.26 Parabolic trough power plants in production today use evaporative water cooling and consume roughly the same amount of water as a coal-fired or nuclear power plant, using recirculating evaporative cooling. A typical parabolic trough plant with wet cooling uses about 800 gal/MWh (780 for evaporation and water make-up, and 20 for mirror washing). These values compare to 500 gal/MWh for a stand-alone steam plant and 200 gal/MWh for a combined-cycle natural gas plant.1, 3, 4 Page 12 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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