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system dropped off significantly at ambient air temperatures above 100°F.28 The air- cooled plant provided about 5% less electric energy on an annual basis than the water- cooled plant, because of reduced performance on hot summer days. The electricity cost for the air-cooled plant was 7 to 9% higher than for the water-cooled plant. Thus air cooling of a trough plant can be used to minimize water use, but at a 7 to 9% cost penalty. It is important to note that the impact of air cooling on levelized electricity cost depends on plant location. Air cooling of a trough plant located in New Mexico, for example, is estimated to raise the cost of electricity by only about 2% because the highest daytime temperatures at the site are significantly lower than those in the Mojave Desert.29 An analysis of a 250 MW plant design in Daggett, California looked at the performance penalties of dry cooling for both a parabolic trough power plant producing 700°F steam and a power tower plant producing 1000°F steam.30 It showed a 5% performance penalty for a trough plant and less than a 2% penalty in the power tower plant. The study concluded that the drop in annual electric output for an air-cooled trough plant is 4.6% compared to 1.3% for the power tower. But the report also looked at the impact during the hottest 1% of the operating hours. For those hours, the air-cooled trough plant suffered a 17.6% drop in performance, whereas the power tower plant suffered a 6.3% drop in performance. If electricity is priced very high during those periods, the financial impact could be significant. Regarding capital costs, the study found that a dry cooling system costs about 3 times that of a water-cooling system. Lower temperature plants will have an inherent thermodynamic performance penalty. In a separate study, a model comparison of a 700°F and a 1000°F steam plant indicated that the performance degradation at a high ambient temperature (110°F) would be 14% and 13% respectively.30 When plotted over the range of temperatures for Daggett, California, the annual MWh output would be about 0.5% less for the trough plant using dry cooling. Another study concluded that if the solar field is increased in size to offset the reduced steam cycle efficiency, the resulting net present value (NPV) impact is less than if the solar field is unchanged.10 The increased solar field allows for higher steam production to offset the higher backpressure during high ambient temperature periods. No analyses are yet available for a linear Fresnel system. Current designs operate at a lower temperature than a trough plant; therefore, one would expect a somewhat greater performance penalty from dry cooling. Hybrid Wet/Dry Cooling Hybrid wet/dry cooling systems can be divided into two broad categories: those aimed at plume abatement and those aimed at reducing water consumption. Plume abatement involves reducing the water vapor plume from a wet cooling tower to eliminate its appearance or to avoid winter icing on nearby roads. It is generally not an issue at CSP plants, which are typically located in dry, remote areas. Of greater interest for CSP plants Page 14 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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