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are hybrid designs that reduce water consumption compared to wet cooled plants and enhance performance in warm weather compared to dry-cooled plants. Hybrid systems typically either involve separate dry and wet units that operate in parallel or use water to evaporatively cool the air going to the air-cooled condenser. The parallel cooling system is shown in Figure 11. Here a dry cooling system is the primary heat rejection system, and it consumes no water. The dry cooling system is used exclusively for the majority of the time. On hot days, its performance is enhanced by routing a portion of the steam leaving the turbine to a separate wet cooling system which is only rejecting a portion of the total waste heat. By reducing the load on the air-cooled condenser, the dry unit can bring the condensing steam temperature closer to the design condenser temperature on hotter days. A hybrid system uses a fraction of the water that a traditional wet cooling system would use, and the turbine performance can be maintained at or close to design conditions. Such a system would have a small wet cooling tower and would typically have a smaller air-cooled condenser than an air-cooled plant. Although it is more expensive than a water-cooled plant, it should be less expensive than an air-cooled plant.10 Figure 11: Hybrid wet/dry parallel cooling system (PCS) An analysis was performed to compare the parallel cooling system design to simple dry and wet cooling for a parabolic trough plant in the Southwestern United States.31 For the wet-cooled runs, plant performance was found to be relatively independent of ambient temperature. For the dry-cooled cases, performance dropped off at temperatures above 100°F. For various hybrid cases over 97% of the performance can be obtained with only 10% of the water usage and 99% of the performance can be obtained at half the water usage. Figure 12 provides a graphical summary of performance of the PCS plant as a function of how much water is used. The data points are labeled by the operating pressure of the condenser that the cooling system can maintain at design conditions. A larger wet section of the hybrid cooling system will consume more water, but can maintain a lower backpressure and hence higher annual power output. The design operating condenser pressures of the various hybrid systems are expressed in inches of mercury absolute (in Page 15 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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