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***= Majority of this amount is returned to the source but at an elevated temperature. Alternate and Future Technologies Another type of hybrid system evaporatively cools the air-cooled condenser on those hot days when the air cooler cannot maintain low condenser pressures. This method currently has limited commercial use. The air approaching the air-cooled condenser is cooled by water spray nozzles or by passing the air through wetted media. It is also possible to directly deluge the finned heat transfer tubes in the air coolers with a flow of water. Performance and economic modeling of a 30 MW air-cooled parabolic trough plant near Daggett, California was done to evaluate the impact of spray nozzles for pre-cooling the air.33 The analysis showed that water cooling is more economical over a wide range of electricity prices and water costs. Water cooling is generally favored whenever water is available because of the high cost of electricity associated with trough plants. Compared to water cooling, the spray cooling decreased annual water consumption by 32% (from 856 gal/MWh to 584 gal/MWh) and decreased the annual electric output by 3.6%. With this performance imact, economic benefit would be realized only if the cost of water was over $13 per 1000 gal at an electricity price of $0.10 per kWh. Typical municipal water costs are around $4.00 per 1000 gallons, and may be lower if degraded water is used. The water-cooled system showed over 4% more cash flow than the air-cooled system. Another option is to use an indirect air-cooling system called a Heller cycle. In this design, the air-cooled condensers are replaced by a combination of a direct contact condenser and an array of water-to-air heat exchangers. Condensate is cooled by passing the water through the air-to-water heat exchangers, and the cooled water is then used to condenser the steam in a direct contact condenser. (This direct contact condenser can be a conventional design or can be an advanced design using a structured packing approach patented by NREL.) The Heller cycle might provide LECa reduction in levelized electricity cost compared to an air-cooled plant, but the costs would depend on plant size and they are too uncertain to come to a conclusion at this time.34 Current research and development are exploring new technologies which, if realized, could improve efficiencies while reducing water use. Advanced high-temperature heat transfer fluids, for example, could eliminate the thermodynamic performance penalties of dry cooling on trough and linear Fresnel systems. Advanced power towers are being designed for higher operating temperatures that could allow the use of gas turbines instead of steam turbines, possibly eliminating the need for cooling water.35 Summary Utilities are showing increasing interest in the deployment of concentrating solar power plants to meet the requirements of state renewable electricity standards. Dish systems which already use air cooled engines, need only water for mirror cleaning. Troughs, linear Fresnel, and power towers use the heat of the sun to power conventional Rankine steam cycles. As with fossil and nuclear-power plants, water cooling is preferred to Page 18 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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