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minimize cost and maximize cycle efficiency. However, there are concerns about mounting water shortages and air pollution associated with evaporative cooling towers. Analyses indicate that the use of either direct or indirect dry cooling can eliminate over 90% of the water consumed in a water-cooled concentrating solar power plant. However, a combination of a reduction in power output and the added cost of the air cooling equipment is estimated to add roughly 2 to 10% to the cost of generating electricity, depending on the plant location and other assumptions. The use of hybrid parallel wet/dry coolers is estimated to reduce the energy cost penalty to below that of air cooling alone while still saving about 80% of the water compared to a water-cooled plant. References 1 National Energy Technology Laboratory (2006). Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements. DOE/NETL-2006/1235. pp. D-1 and F-2. Note the values provided in this text are an approximation of the national averages for coal fired supercritical and subcritical with wet FGD. The ranges for water consumption of coal fired plants are estimated from the box plots on p F-1 and F-2 to be between 400 and 800 gal / MWh. The averaged surveyed values for power plants nationwide, listed by plant type, cooling method, and FGD method is on page D-1. 2 The Resources Agency of California. (September 2, 2003). Background information and staff recommendation on power plant water use. Memorandum from CEC to Integrated Energy Policy Report Committee. 3.U.S. Department of Energy (December, 2006). Energy Demands on Water Resources. Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Water. P. 38 Table V-1. Page 19 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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