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Appendix A 2) For each hour of the year, the thermal output from the collector field was calculated by the Excelergy computer program, as discussed below. 3) The dry bulb temperature, the relative humidity, and the thermal input from the collector field were exported to the GateCycle program. The program calculated the steam turbine expansion efficiencies, exhaust losses, gross electric output, and the auxiliary electric loads for the cooling tower fans, the feedwater pump, the condensate pump, and if applicable, the circulating water pumps. For the wet and the hybrid heat rejection systems, the makeup water flow to the cooling tower was also calculated. The calculations were repeated for each of the 3,421 hours each year in which thermal energy was available from either the collector field or the thermal storage system. 4) Annual sums were developed for the following parameters: thermal energy supplied to the Rankine cycle; gross plant output; fan electric energy; pump electric energy; and net electric output. From these values, annual gross and net Rankine cycle efficiencies were developed. The thermal output from the collector field is calculated using the Excelergy program. The program, under development by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory over the past 10 years, models the performance of parabolic trough collector fields and, if applicable, the associated Rankine cycle. The model calculates the following: • Month of the year, day of the month, hour of the day, and time before noon • Each of the following angles: solar declination; sun elevation; sun azimuth; and collector incidence. From the collector incidence angle, an incidence angle modifier was calculated to account for the reflected flux which misses the end of the heat collection element during the midday hours • Each of the following optical efficiencies: solar field availability; structure tracking error and twist; mirror reflectivity; geometric accuracy; mirror reflectivity, mirror cleanliness factor; and the following factors for the heat collection elements: dust on glass envelope; bellows shading; envelope transmissivity; and absorber tube absorbtivity • Heat collection element thermal losses, including emissivity as a function of fluid temperature, and allowances for lost vacuum and lost glass envelopes • Gross field thermal output, by multiplying the following: collector area; collector optical efficiency; and heat collection element thermal efficiency • Net field thermal output, by multiplying the gross output by 0.9805 to account for thermal losses from the field piping viiPDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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