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Geothermal resources 4. Geothermal energy is derived from the Earth’s natural heat. Heat is constantly produced within the core of the Earth from the decay of radioactive materials and is moved to the surface through conduction and convection. Geothermal fields are generally located around volcanically active areas that are often located close to the boundaries of the tectonic plates. Figure 2 below shows the main plates and geothermal fields (in red dots) along the plate boundaries. Figure 2 World Map of Tectonic Plate Boundaries and Main Geothermal Fields Source: www.cnsm.csulb.edu, last accessed in 2009. Geothermal technologies 5. The majority of the technologies available to utilize geothermal resources for power generation and other purposes are water or vapor-based and the naturally occurring groundwater is used the medium for extracting geothermal heat in places with porous rocks. Geothermal resources vary in temperature from 50 to 350 °C, and can be dry steam, a mixture of steam and water, or liquid water. These resources are accessed through drilling wells into geothermal reservoirs. Hot steam or fluid from the reservoirs is then transferred through pipelines to the power plant or other facilities for power generation or heat purposes; residual fluids are usually re-injected into the reservoirs to maintain pressure. 6. More recently, Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) technologies have been developed to extract heat from hot dry rock where natural permeability is low. EGS technologies enhance the permeability by pumping high pressure cold water through an injection well into naturally or artificially fractured rock. Only a handful of commercial EGS projects are operational or under development in the world, including in Australia, the US and Germany. Nonetheless, once commercialized EGS holds the potential to unlock an enormous amount of geothermal resources that cannot be extracted using conventional geothermal technologies due to low permeability. 7. The use of geothermal resources and related technologies are determined by the type of resource available (hot water or steam), the depth of the geothermal reservoir, the flow rate, 2PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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