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x A hydro plant with costs which may vary widely depending on physical location characteristics and the hydrological regime; hydro plant factors are usually on the order of 50-60 percent; x A geothermal plant at a relatively low capital cost (the variability of which will be analyzed later), and a relatively high fixed O&M cost, which includes the additional cost of drilling extra boreholes during a plant’s lifetime (and which may vary significantly according to field characteristics) Table 9: Characteristics of Alternative Generation Technologies Plant Fuel Capacity Economic Life Investment cost w IDC Variable Cost Fixed Costs Efficiency/Heat Rate MW years $/kW $/kW-year US$/MWh $/kW-year % BTU/kWh MSD HFO 20 20 1900 257 7.5 47 43% 7853 Steam Turbine HFO 200 25 2500 321 2.1 34 31% 11000 Steam Turbine Coal 250 25 3000 385 2.1 34 32% 10750 Combustion T Gas oil 100 20 730 99 2.4 9.8 34% 10000 Combustion T FO #4 100 20 800 108 2.5 12 35% 9750 Small hydro hydro 20 40 3500 425 4 20 Large hydro hydro 500 50 2500 301 1 15 Geothermal steam 100 25 2500 321 2 35 Source: CEAC10 and authors’ calculations 30. Approximate values for fuel costs as of 2010 based on a reference oil cost of around $75/bbl are shown in Table 10: Table 10: Fuel Cost Assumptions (2010 price levels) Fuel Costs Value $/GJ Oil $/bbl 74.94 Diesel $/L 0.642 16.72 Bunker $/L 0.367 8.79 FO#4 $/L 0.5 12 Coal $/tonne 118 4.07 Source: CEAC 31. A comparison of the relative economics of the different alternatives can be performed through screening curves; one such set of curves illustrates the total cost associated with the dispatch of a kW of different types of plant according to the plant capacity factor. In the case of thermal alternatives, as the capacity factor increases, so does the associated cost, whereas renewables have a flatter profile. In Figure 8, the steepest curve corresponds to a combustion turbine running on gas oil (FO#4), with a very low initial capital cost at zero capacity factor , but 10 Comité de Electrificación de América Central, 2009. Plan Indicativo Regional de la Expansión, período 2009– 2023. 15PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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