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40. Geothermal resources are owned by the nations in the region and as a consequence, the Government has the primary right (and primary responsibility) for its development. The governments in the region have involved the private sector in all or parts of different stages of the development processes. However, geothermal plants require substantial investments in order to adequately gauge the resource’s potential so there is ambiguity about who should take the financial risk of doing so, and/or how this risk could be spread between private and public sector actors. The actual degree of private sector participation varies from country to country in the region, depending on the sector’s structure, enabling environment and country creditworthiness (Table 16). Another factor which exercises an influence on private sector interest is the size of the resource; in general, there is little private sector interest in developing small geothermal power plants (e.g. less than 20MW) given the fixed costs and obstacles that must be surmounted (e.g. arranging for financing, negotiating a PPA) which in many cases do not vary with project size. For this reason it is strategically desirable to concentrate on identifying and developing those candidate fields which promise the greater size plants. Table 16: Degree of Private Sector Participation in Geothermal Development in Central America Country Enabling Environment for Private Sector20 Private Sector Participation Costa Rica Low El Salvador High Honduras Low Private sector limited to small hydro and wind, but can subcontract with ICE (e.g. Marubeni runs Miravalles III) Private sector actors can participate in field development. Original field requestor can be challenged. Private sector owns two sites, one of which under active development. Would need PPA with ENEE. Guatemala Substantial. However, Guatemala has a high rate of private sector participation in power. Private sector can participate in projects, but INDE keeps rights to selected areas. Nicaragua Medium. But substantial private sector interest. ORMAT as operator of Momotombo field since '99. Ram Power is developing San Jacinto and owns a couple other concessions. Exploration concession not good enough to bank a PPA. Panama High n/a Source: Authors’ assessment. Environmental and social impact assessment 41. Managing potential environmental impacts is essential to geothermal development, despite its overall small environmental footprint as discussed in Chapter 2. Geothermal energy is unique in that it must address sub-surface, superficial, and atmospheric impacts in its 20 IFC Doing Business Indicators, 2010 24PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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