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development (Table 17). These different media (air, water, and soil/rock) are interconnected and potential impacts have greater or less relevance at different stages of geothermal power development which must be considered, avoided, or mitigated appropriately according to national laws, and if possible international best practices. Table 17: Potential Environmental Impacts from Geothermal Energy Development Air Soil/Rock Water Ecosystems Noise Induced seismicity Groundwater contamination from improper reinjection Discharges into air and water may impact fauna and flora. Odors Subsidence (settling of land) Surface water contamination from liquid and solid discharges Impacts to characteristic thermophilic ecosystems Greenhouse gases Soil contamination from solid and liquid wastes during drilling, construction, and operation Temperature changes in aquifer from reinjection Degradation from increased access, induced development, and ancillary infrastructure Low contaminant emissions including organic gases, mercury, particulate matter, boron, sulfates and ammonia Increased potential for landslides Change in fumaroles and geyser activity-tourism impacts Natural landscapes and views may be impacted from geothermal plants, associated infrastructure, or vapor plumes. Heat pollution to surface waters Source: Kagel, 2007, Heath 2002, DiPippo 42. Social impacts related to geothermal energy development also need to be considered, mitigated, and managed throughout the life of the project. Air emissions from geothermal projects may have a direct impact on communities and workers. There may be a need to displace individuals or to purchase private or community lands for exploration and/or final site locations for projects. The latter issue could be exacerbated if the potential site is located within indigenous lands where traditional forms of land-use and management must be considered as well as other legal implications subject to national law and international conventions. Another potential social impact is reduced access to resources that may be legally or traditionally used by either individuals or communities in areas occupied by well fields or geothermal plants. The mitigation measures must incorporate the social dimension as well as strong consultation and communication processes with the potentially affected communities and individuals. 43. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are used to evaluate a projects’ potential impact on different aspects of the human and natural environment of projects. In Central America, like the rest of Latin America, all countries have mainstreamed EIAs into their national environmental management systems to different degrees. Generally there exist responsible 25PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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