PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 061
even if geothermal has become more economically competitive in the power market with decades of on and off public support, the industry is still not fully sustainable in the long run. 89. This mechanism is being used in the Philippines in the last few years after the power sector was privatized and also in Nicaragua, among developing countries. In the Philippines, the Renewable Energy Act, effective in 2009, provides a series of incentives and subsidies to limit the exploration and drilling risks. A new Renewable Energy Management Bureau was established in 2009 and is responsible for tendering and concessions. Power producers will be able to negotiate PPAs (the Act specifies feed in tariffs for renewables, but does not include geothermal), or sell on the spot market. After a period of limited development in the geothermal sector in the early 2000s, there now appears to be a huge interest from foreign power companies within the country. 90. The challenge of this approach is to gauge the actual and perceived country, sector and project-related risks by the IPPs and to design a package of incentives commensurate with such risks. In the Philippines, it is still too early to tell whether the incentives put in place are adequate to address the related risks and lead to tangible outcomes. It appears that private companies in the Philippines are keen on acquiring operational geothermal power plants from the public utilities, but are reluctant to invest in green-field development and take on all of the associated risks. In Nicaragua, only some of the concessions for exploration are being actively explored and it is unclear whether and how many of them will successfully develop into commercial projects; Nicaragua’s fiscal incentives do not appear to be sufficient to incentivize substantial interest 91. A third mechanism is to separate steam production and power generation. It has been used in several countries, including Indonesia and Guatemala. The two parties involved will need to sign a contractual steam sales agreement which may include a “take or pay” clause. The steam producer, a public (Guatemala) or private (Indonesia) company, bears all resource risk and the power producer, an IPP or a national utility, is only responsible for the conventional risk of the financing and construction of the power plants. As discussed in the case of Indonesia, this mechanism has the benefit of distinguishing the upfront and downstream risks and selecting the most competent companies in each operation. However, it has a high risk of failure, sometimes for reasons outside of the control of the partnership, e.g. the financial difficulty of the power generator in paying the steam supplier or the steam supplier failing to provide the amount of steam as agreed upon. 92. A fourth mechanism is a joint venture between the Government and the private company to develop potential fields which have been estimated initially by the Government (e.g. site reconnaissance, geophysical, geochemical and perhaps seismic studies and maybe gradient drillings). The private sector would thus be in a better position to evaluate the risk of the field. In a risk-sharing approach, the Government and a private partner would create a joint venture to explore the field. If the drilling is successful, the Government could exercise an option to sell its stake in the joint venture, thereby enabling it to recycle funds for further developments; if unsuccessful, the joint venture would be wound up but the private partner will have limited its risk substantially. Such a mechanism has been used in project finance deals in other areas but has not been applied in the field of electrical energy. Other types of joint venture include BOT arrangements where the private sector builds, operates, and transfers the field and its facilities to the Government after a certain time. 38PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
PDF Search Title:
Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central AmericaOriginal File Name Searched:
CentralAmerica_Drilling_Down_Geothermal_Potential_Optimized.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)