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Guatemala, to undertake basic information gathering in the geothermal field, thereby putting it on a par with other renewables. 134. Planning in Nicaragua is done by the Ministry in collaboration with the transmission company ENATREL and the Government generation company ENEL. The latest indicative expansion plan covers the period 2011–2025 and includes a number of geothermal developments: (a) Two 35 MW units at the San Jacinto field which are under development, (b) 18 candidate projects in different fields, and (c) the retirement of the Momotombo field which is being exhausted. The chosen plants, in addition to San Jacinto, include the Casitas field with 35 MW and three undefined (generic) geothermal plants for the later years in the plan. 135. The actual development of geothermal fields has been left to the private sector through auctions for concessions but with limited information regarding the geothermal potential. As discussed above, e.g. in the case of Guatemala, this business model is unlikely to provide significant stimulus to geothermal development and therefore the new plants chosen for system development have a high chance of not materializing. As a consequence, due to private sector reticence in assuming the exploratory risk, the existing concessions have been timid regarding actually investing in exploration. A better approach could consist of establishing public-private partnerships through which costs are shared with the private sector until exploration has determined the feasibility of developing a particular field, following the general outline of Chapter 4. 136. On the regulatory front, Nicaragua has an established institution (INE) which can supervise, in coordination with the Ministry, the contractual arrangements between geothermal producers and the distribution companies, together with dispatch. Panama 137. The Panamanian government is actively pursuing the development of non-hydro renewables. It is carrying out a wind resource mapping study and exploring solar, biomass and geothermal potentials as well. The government is planning to carry out a renewable auction in 2012 based on the results of the inventory studies. 138. Planning functions in Panama are delegated to the transmission company, ETESA, for power sector purposes. Panama has recently created an Energy Secretariat which operates as a policy agency in the sector. The current arrangement in which ETESA develops power sector plans is efficient in the sense that it provides the adequate environment for establishing a well- organized Master Plan, but it lacks the human resources and incentives to accomplish functions such as developing renewables, including geothermal. 139. In the geothermal area, Panama is the country which has the least identified surface manifestations of geothermal power. A thorough identification and classification are therefore called for in the short term. To accomplish this goal, ETESA would have to be endowed with greater dedicated resources than those it derives at present from its transmission functions; otherwise, potential geothermal projects are unlikely to be well identified or explored. 140. A first phase for geothermal development would consist of a complete identification and assessment of surface manifestations, followed, if warranted, by basic exploration activities. In any case, ETESA or the Energy Secretariat would have to organize a geothermal unit in charge of this; if warranted by the results of further identification, the private sector could be engaged in 49PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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