Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America

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Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America ( drilling-down-geothermal-potential-central-america )

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Geothermal Resources Annex 1. Geothermal Basics 1. Geothermal energy is derived from the Earth’s natural heat; heat is constantly produced within the Earth core from the decay of radioactive material. The heat is moved to the surface through conduction and convection. In the crust, the temperature gradient is typically 30°C/km but can be as high as 150°C/km in geothermal areas, as shown in Figure 12 below. Geothermal fields are generally located around volcanically active areas that are often located close to boundaries of the tectonic plates. Figure 12: Internal Structure of the Earth 2. Geothermal resources vary in temperature from 50 to 350 °C, and can either be dry, mainly steam, a mixture of steam and water, or liquid water. In order to extract geothermal heat from the earth, water is the transfer medium. Naturally occurring groundwater is available for this task in most places but more recently technologies have been developed to even extract the energy from hot dry rock resources. There are several factors such as the type of resource available (hot water or steam), the flow rate of the geothermal fluid, pressure, the depth of the geothermal reservoir, and the temperature of the geothermal fluid that determine the likely uses of a geothermal resource. 3. A typical volcanic related geothermal reservoir consists of, from bottom to top (Figure 13): x The magmatic intrusion, also referred to as the hot body, where hot magma intrudes exceptionally far into the Earth’s crust, which in many cases is caused by tectonics of the continental plates; 53

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