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finalized during this phase including detail plans for management of environmental and social impacts during the construction and operational phases as generally required by environmental legislation. 26. Costs for the feasibility study would include all of the costs from phases 1 to 3, plus a margin of 20 to 50 percent to cover all of the negotiations, desk-top and engineering work necessary to move the project into the implementation phase. 27. Phase 5, Field development, marks the beginning of the implementation stage of the power project. According to the drilling plan, one or more drillings rigs are used to drill the wells needed to reach the targeted capacity of the power plant. According to a rule of thumb it can be expected that every producing well will provide enough steam or fluid to produce 5 MW of electrical power in the power plant. However, even in good and well explored areas, approximately 10 to 30 percent, an average of 20 percent of all of the drilled wells turns out to be dry or too weak to utilize. This reduces the actual average output of every drilled well to 4 MW. As important as the production wells are, re-injection wells also have to be drilled to return the geothermal fluids to the underground. Reinjection of geothermal fluids is used to produce pressure support to the reservoir; nevertheless, reinjection has to be done in places where it will not induce cooling of the production zone, which would require knowledge about the underground flow patterns. This knowledge is gained through the construction of the reservoir’s conceptual and numerical models and numerical reservoir analysis. Designs for production and reinjection strategies are initially studied through reservoir simulation. 28. The time needed to drill a geothermal well not only depends on the depth, but also on the kind of geology (rocks) and the capability of the drilling rig used. Areas of shallow fracture nature will especially require extra efforts in cementing to fix the casings to the formations and prevent fluid leakage. These operations can represent long delays in the drilling program. On average, for volcanic environments, the drilling of a 2,000 meter commercial diameter class well will take 40 to 50 days. The drilling process itself consists of alternating phases of drilling and well casing construction / cementing, until the top of the resource is reached. Once the well penetrates into the geothermal reservoir, the only additional casing that may be required is a slotted liner hanging from the last casing at the casing shoe. The slotted liner has the function of preventing rocks and debris from coming into the wellbore. In addition to casings, materials required for geothermal drilling include; drill pipes, drill bits, chemicals for drilling fluid/mud, cement, fuel, tools for directional drilling, wellhead and valves etc. 29. The following example is intended to explain issues related to costs and investments of this phase. If the project developer plans to develop a power plant with an installed capacity of 50 MW, it is possible that he would need 13 wells for production; the re-injection might work with only half of this number, but this will depend on the enthalpy of the fluids which will not be known until after the wells have been tested. For planning purposes, the 63PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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