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project developer would plan to drill a set of 13 production and 7 re-injection wells - 20 wells altogether. At costs of US$ 2 to 6 million per well, this would translate into an investment of US$ 40 to 120 million, or from US$ 0.8 to 2.4 million per MW installed, with an average of US$ 1.2 to 1.5 million. These figures show that in most cases, over 50 percent of the total investment for a geothermal power project will be related to exploration and drilling combined. Because it takes about one and a half months to drill a normal 2 km deep well, the wells for a 50 MW geothermal project would take 30 months with one drilling rig, without considering time for rig mobilization and moving. In order to speed up the process, several drilling rigs can be deployed simultaneously. 30. At this phase, implementation of the environmental management measures included in the plan must be carried-out by contractors and supervised by the appropriate sector and environmental authorities. Local governments or institutions may potentially be involved in the oversight, while public outreach programs may include citizen groups or consultative mechanisms to ensure conflict management or grievance procedures during drilling and construction. The drilling must be carried out in a manner that disturbance to natural habitats and communities is minimized, in particular from noise, particulate matter, and liquid/solid waste containment and disposal. Well construction should follow best international practices to ensure proper seals and avoid cross-contamination between different aquifers, especially between those of different temperatures and salinity. Venting and purging of wells must consider all emissions and mitigate potential impacts. 31. Phase 6 is the construction phase. During this phase pipelines are laid to transport fluid from the well heads to the power plant. Also, separators, turbine, generator and the “cold end”, which consists of a condenser and needs either air (fan cooling) or water cooling (direct or through a cooling tower), are installed. After utilization (expansion) of the steam, the cooled geothermal fluids are usually re-injected into the reservoir to be re-heated and to keep up the pressure or avoid reservoir depletion. The generated electricity will be sent to a substation and to the transmission grid. 32. Figure 19 shows the different components of a geothermal power plant and the most important equipment. From top to bottom, there are the geothermal wells, each with an access road and a drilling pad. Some of the wells are “blowing” potentially because of lack of maintenance. Wells are connected via pipelines to the separator station in the middle of the picture, where fluids are separated from steam. The pipelines are well insulated to minimize cooling the fluids and steam over a distance of sometimes several kilometers. From the separator the steam goes to the power plant turbines, while colder fluids get re-injected. The cooling towers are part of the condensing system, which condenses the remaining steam into fluids. The generated power is sent to the transmission grid through the attached substation. 64PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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