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Annex 3. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Related to Geothermal Development 43. Although geothermal power is relatively benign from an environmental and social standpoint, there are potential negative impacts that can be significant if not properly addressed from the initial exploration and planning phases of projects. Modern techniques and designs in drilling, operation, and management of these power plants are reducing many of the errors of projects that were initiated in the past century. Impacts that have been documented include land subsidence (settling) in Wairakei and Ohaaki fields in New Zealand; induced seismic events such as occurred in Basel, Switzerland in 2007; and landslides in Zunil field in Guatemala, killing at least 23 people, among other impacts.28 44. The use of environmental impact assessment (EIA) of development projects has become a standard approach in developed and most developing countries over the past two decades including Central American countries which all have laws and institutions regulating the practice and preparation of these assessments. In addition to project level EIA, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is also used for considering in an integrated way the cumulative, programmatic, or broader environmental, social, economic and policy implications of energy development, including geothermal development.2930 Some basic principles regarding environmental assessment include the proper screening of a project to consider the need for EIA and subsequent scoping of the study depending on the nature and scale of the project. Considering the baseline environmental and social conditions, an evaluation of potential impacts is made based on alternatives to the project proposed, and an environmental management and mitigation plan for minimizing the impacts expected. In addition it is essential to integrate consultations of stakeholders, in particular those that may be directly affected by the project proposed.31,32 45. Geothermal energy is unique in that it must address underground, ground-level, and atmospheric impacts in its development. These different media (air, water, and soil/rock) are interconnected and potential impacts have greater or less relevance at different stages of geothermal power development. For example, solid waste from drilling will be an important issue to manage during well establishment but would tend to diminish during the operational phase, while odors may be a more relevant issue during operation of the plant. All potential 28 DiPippo. 2008. Geothermal Power Plants. Principles, Applications, Case Studies, and Environmental Impact. Elsevier. p 400. 29 Finnveden. G. et al. 2003. Strategic environmental assessment methodologies-applications within the energy sector. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 23 (2003) 91-123. 30 OECD. 2006. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment. Good Practice Guidance for Development Co- operation. OECD Publishing. 160 p. 31 Heath, M.J. 2002. Environmental aspects of geothermal energy resources utilization. Geothermal Energy Resources for Developing countries. Chandrasekharam and Bundschuh (eds). Swets & Zeitinger, Lisse. p 279 32 International Association for Impact Assessment. 1999. Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment Best Practice. Accessed 25 Jun. 2010 at www.iaia.org. 76PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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