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impacts must be evaluated and avoided, mitigated, or compensated appropriately according to national laws, and if possible international best practices. Potential Impacts from Geothermal Energy Development Air Noise Soil/Rock Induced seismicity Water Groundwater contamination from improper reinjection Ecosystems Discharges into air and water may impact fauna and flora. Odors Subsidence (settling of land) Surface water contamination from liquid and solid discharges Impacts to characteristic thermophilic ecosystems Greenhouse gases Soil contamination from solid and liquid wastes during drilling, construction, and operation Temperature changes in aquifer from reinjection Degradation from increased access, induced development, and ancillary infrastructure Low contaminant emissions including organic gases, mercury, particulate matter, boron, sulfates and ammonia Increased potential for landslides Change in fumaroles and geyser activity-tourism impacts Natural landscapes and views may be impacted from geothermal plants, associated infrastructure, or vapor plumes. waters Kagel, 2007, Heath 2002, DiPippo 2008 Heat pollution to surface 46. impacts; from a water quality stand-point, geothermal projects can degrade both surface water and groundwater quality from planned or unplanned releases of geothermal effluents. Impacts on lands could potentially include soil contamination, subsidence (settling), and induced seismic activity. In addition, biodiversity may be impacted at several levels including sub-surface and surface habitats that depend on thermal resources in the areas of greatest geothermal activity (so- called thermophile communities). Many geothermal areas are in remote areas and have natural limitations (i.e. slopes and volcanic activity) that have led to less human presence which also permits native flora and fauna to thrive. In Central America this is a particular issue where areas of high sub-surface geothermal potential also coincide with some of the highest biodiversity and well conserved protected areas in the Neotropics. 47. Geothermal energy development also may cause certain social impacts related to the environmental and economic impacts it generates. Geothermal projects may cause impacts on a very direct level for communities and workers due to air emissions, or because the exploratory and final site locations for projects may require displacing individuals or purchasing private or community lands. In addition, reduced access to resources that may be legally or traditionally used by either individuals or communities in areas occupied by well fields and geothermal plants With regard to the atmosphere, the impacts are related to air emissions, noise, and visual 77PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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