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are also potential social implications of projects. 33 For example, fresh water for cooling geothermal plants may be a scarce resource and its use must be considered through pertinent national mechanisms (and international mechanisms in cases of trans-boundary waters) among all existing licensed or traditional users as well as to conserve wetlands and other natural habitat and its species.34 48. Local air pollution emissions. Geothermal fluids (steam or hot water) usually contain gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and trace amounts of other gases. Hydrogen sulfide is one of the main pollutants of concern typically for geothermal energy facilities. The odor threshold (similar to the smell of rotten eggs) for hydrogen sulfide is low and readily perceived by humans. Exposure can have physiological effects that range from neurological to loss of consciousness and even death at higher levels of exposure.35 This is an important aspect to consider especially with regard to surrounding communities and on-site workers. Various control processes however can be adopted and built into the power plant to reduce emissions of hydrogen sulfide or usefully capture it and convert to elemental sulfur which can be used for other industrial applications. Other gases may also be emitted or formed including, sulfur dioxide (from breakdown of H2S), nitrogen oxides, and in some cases mercury (a toxic metal), radon (a radioactive gas), and boron.3637 Binary cycle plants for electricity generation and district-heating plants can virtually overcome the issue of air emissions simply by adopting closed-loop systems that prevent gaseous emissions. Emissions must be controlled through scrubbers and other capture methods if the system is not closed-loop. In addition, emissions monitoring programs should be developed based on the emission chemical profiles to ensure mitigation systems are working adequately and to inform local inhabitants and authorities of compliance to standards. 49. Greenhouse gases emissions. Carbon dioxide is also present in the fluids used in the geothermal power plants to a varying degree dissolved in the waters. The levels of CO2 however are generally far less than burning hydrocarbons in a fossil-fuel energy plant. Up to 10 times less CO2 is discharged from these plants than from fossil-fuelled power stations: 13 – 380 g/kWh of electricity produced in the geothermal plants, in comparison to the 1,042 g/kWh of the coal-fired plants, 906 g/kWh of oil-fired plants, and 453 g/kWh of natural gas-fired plants38 allowing these plants to provide potential offsets from emissions. 33 Mariita, N. 2002. The impact of large-scale renewable energy development on the poor: environmental and socio- economic impact of a geothermal power plant on a poor rural community in Kenya. Energy Policy 30 (2002) 1119– 1128. 34 Mwangi, M. 2010. Environmental and Social Issues of Geothermal Development in Kenya. GRC Bulletin. March/April 2010. Accessed 28 Jun. 2010 at www.geothermal .org. 35 EPA. 2003. Toxicological Review of Hydrogen Sulphide. (CAS No. 7783-06-4) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC. 36 Kagel, A. Bates D., and Gawell K.2007. A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment. Geothermal Energy Association. 75 p. accessed 12 Jan. 2010 at www.geo-energy.org 37 Ibid. Heath 2002. 38Friðleifsson, I.B., The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change, Report for IPCC, Reykjavik Iceland, Feb. 2008. 78PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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