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50. In this regard, the Clean Development Mechanism under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has incorporated a methodology that has been used in several parts of the world, including Guatemala and Nicaragua in Central America, for geothermal renewable energy technologies to establish emission reduction credits or CER’s.39 The methodology establishes the basis for calculating the emission reductions and would typically consider plant emissions of naturally occurring CO2 and CH4 (also known as “non-condensable gases” in steam), and the use of fossil fuels in plant operations. Projects such as Amatitlan in Guatemala generated over 29 thousand tCO2 in net emission reductions in 2008.40 These CER’s can provide an added financial benefit for the operations as well as the resulting climate benefits from an environmental standpoint. 51. Water Emissions. Water emissions result from both the drilling phases and operational phases of geothermal development however, the amounts are much higher in the operational phase given the need for steam production and heat exchange on a long-term basis. The temperature and pressures allow dissolution of many elements found naturally. Water composition can vary widely in dissolved substances based on the geological characteristics of the aquifer and are generally salty. These brines may also contain high concentrations of metals which are potentially toxic to humans and biodiversity. Spent geothermal fluids with high concentrations of chemicals such as boron, fluoride or arsenic should be treated, re-injected into the reservoir, or both. Brines can contaminate shallow groundwater sources and drinking water sources if well casings are faulty or from poor drilling practices41. However, the low-to moderate temperature geothermal fluids used in most direct-use applications generally contain low levels of chemicals and the discharge of spent geothermal fluids is seldom a major problem. Some of these fluids can be discharged into surface waters after cooling 42. The waters can be cooled in special storage ponds or tanks to avoid modifying the ecosystem of natural bodies of waters (rivers, lakes and even the sea). Most of the legislation specifies the maximum levels of contaminants that may be found in wastewaters therefore power plants need to adapt and incorporate treatment into their design to deal with these waters based on the profile of the discharges. 52. In Central America, older plants such as Ahuachapan in El Salvador previously discharged fluids to surface waters of the Pacific Ocean via an overland canal. In addition to the significant infrastructure required to transport the fluids, is the risk to communities that live along the canal lines if they are exposed to heated and toxic waters. Following modifications to convert the plant to a reinjection system, the risks to the population and ecosystem were minimized while reducing management costs and maintaining aquifer recharge. 39 UNFCCC. Approved consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology ACM0002 “Consolidated baseline methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources” 40 EcoSecurities LLC. 2009. CDM Monitoring Report. Amatitlan Geothermal Project. cdm.unfccc.int. accessed 28 April 2010. 41 Hunt and Brown. 1996. Environmental Effects of Geothermal Development and Countermeasures. Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Seminar on Energy R&D and Tehcnology Transfer and Renewable Energy Resource Assessment 6-9 February 1996. Beijing, China pp. 243-255 as cited in Heath. M.J. 2002. 42 Lunis, B., and Breckenridge, R. 1991. “Environmental considerations.” In Lienau, P.J. and Lunis, B.C., eds., Geothermal Direct Use, Engineering and Design Guidebook, 437–45. Klamath Falls, Oregon: Geo-Heat Center. 79PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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