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53. Noise. Noise can be a factor at different phases of geothermal energy development and results from different sources. During exploration, seismic methods may cause disturbances to the surrounding communities or inhabitants from detonations. Drilling activities also are accompanied generally by significant movement of heavy (and loud) machinery. Vent discharges may also produce noise for short intervals. 54. The noise associated with operating geothermal plants is low, generally below 60 decibels. However there could be complaints from the higher pitched noise of steam travelling through pipelines and the occasional vent discharge. At the power plant the main noise pollution comes from the cooling tower fans, the steam ejector, and the turbine 'hum'43. These are normally acceptable however there are mitigation measures that are used to minimize noise and nuisance to neighboring communities. Many projects, in addition to locating at some distance from inhabited areas, include buffers and barriers to sound, both natural (trees or shrubs) as well as constructed. 55. Biodiversity. Geothermal energy development can overlap with natural ecosystems on the surface and subsurface. There are two dimensions regarding ecosystems that should be reviewed when considering geothermal projects. On one level, many suitable geothermal sites around the world are priority areas for conservation of threatened ecosystems. This is because they are often found in areas that have traditionally been isolated or are naturally hazardous (for example, volcanoes), thereby limiting encroachment and protection from being degraded by human endeavors. On another level, geothermal areas may be unique ecosystems in their own right. The heat gradients created in the soils may permit the establishment of unique heat-tolerant plant species while even at a bacterial level there may be organisms specially adapted to these environments (Eubacteria, Archaea, and others). The most famous case of these organisms is the Thermus aquaticus which provided the enzyme to sustain polymerase chain reactions in DNA testing which is now a multi-billion dollar industry. 44 These ecosystems could be altered or species could disappear (possibly even before they are documented) due to changes in hydrology and temperature patterns that alter their habitats. 56. Other ecosystems that are found around geothermal areas could potentially be impacted by the increased construction and economic activity that may result from energy development projects. Both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems can be subject to long-term impacts from improper disposal of chemicals used in the exploration and drilling phases. Mismanaged brines and or poorly constructed wells could also impact soils and consequently change habitats. Venting of steam on a recurring basis can also burn vegetation and create “bald spots” on lowland and hillside habitat, potentially inducing erosion and landslides. 57. Best practices in regard to ecosystems include proper consideration for the location of plants, minimize impacts of associated infrastructure (power lines, access roads, etc.) and specific measures to reduce emissions that might harm fauna and flora. In the case of Central America there is significant overlap of potential geothermal sites and protected areas. 43 DiPippo. 2008. Geothermal Power Plants. Principles, Applications, Case Studies, and Environmental Impact. Elsevier. p 401-402. 44 Barrick, K. 2007. Geyser Decline and Extinction in New Zealand – Energy Development Impacts and Implications for Environmental Management. Environmental Management (2007) 39. 783-805. 80PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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