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63. Related to this effect of subsidence is induced seismicity. Small-scale seismic events (below 3 on the Richter scale) have been noted in areas of geothermal energy production. In this regard the phenomenon might not be noticeable to humans, however the perception is important and has been a critique raised by communities in several projects. Continual seismic monitoring and good outreach and communication programs with the surrounding communities and inhabitants are necessary to deal effectively with this issue.48 64. Visual Impacts. Geothermal plants may generate visual impacts especially in high visibility or high value (from a cultural perspective) landscapes, such as tourist sites. Steam plumes from venting and cooling tower vapor may be visible from a distance, while patches or areas of lost vegetation may result from the presence or release of steam and/or leaking pipe water. Plants are generally small relative to other types of energy production facilities, with the added benefit of not requiring tall smokestacks as fossil-fuel plants often include. Vegetation and landscaping can minimize the effects of visual impacts. Pipes may be covered with insulating material that is reflective both for thermal and safety reasons; however their location should be considered in regard to minimizing visual impacts. 65. Community and Worker Health and Safety – Hazardous Materials. Exploration, construction, and operations of geothermal energy systems reflect many of the same challenges as developing other renewable and non-renewable energy sources associated with the human factor involved in these phases of project development. Use of heavy equipment, large teams of construction personnel, and other operational procedures require a systematic approach to environmental management. Effective environmental management must consider controlling aspects such as: dust generation, solid and liquid waste management and disposal, worker safety and accidents, fire and disasters, use of hazardous materials, among other aspects. Many geothermal companies use certification schemes to ensure thorough management of these issues considering international best practices and independent monitoring to improve social outreach and shareholder confidence regarding operations. The World Bank Group has prepared a good technical reference called Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation, which includes Good International Industry Practice in regard to this industry’s specific impacts and management.49 66. Physical cultural resources. Similar to the case of biodiversity, there are resources considered important from a human-cultural perspective. These resources can be physical or intangible (religious significance, language, arts, etc. Geothermal projects could impact both tangible and intangible resources and therefore, the site identification process is important. Consultations with communities should consider not only identifying existing sites (temples, ruins) but also areas of religious or historical significance (shrines, battlefields, holy areas). 48 A protocol has been developed for providing guidance in approaching seismicity issues: Majer, E., Baria, R. and Stark, M. (2008). Protocol for induced seismicity associated with enhanced geothermal systems. Report produced in Task D Annex I (9 April 2008), International Energy Agency-Geothermal Implementing Agreement (incorporating comments by: C. Bromley, W. Cumming, A. Jelacic and L.Rybach).PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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