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resource risks, the government is hoping to attract more private sector participation in the downstream geothermal plant development including plant construction, operation and financing. The government has also worked closely with different donors to mobilize financial resources for geothermal development. KenGen is planning to expand the Olkaria geothermal field from 130 to over 400 MW in the coming years. At least two other fields are expected to provide several hundred megawatts each and are being explored and drilled in 2010-11. The long-term sustainability of this approach will depend on the government’s willingness and financing capability to fund the GDC operations in high-risk exploratory drillings51. 81. Mexico has 100 million inhabitants and approximately 70 GW of installed power generation capacity, of which 953 MW are supplied from geothermal resources. The developed fields include Cerro Prieto (720 MW), Los Azufres (188 MW), Los Humeros (35 MW), and Tres Vírgenes (10 MW). Further installations are planned at Los Humeros (50 MW) and La Primavera (75 MW)52. 82. The state run power company Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) has been in charge of geothermal development and assumes all geological and drilling risks. To accelerate geothermal development with participation of the private sector, the CFE has developed a unique model called OPF (Obra Public Financiada). Under this scheme, CFE develops the steam field, completes the pre-design of all the necessary components of the power plant, including the plant itself and associated transmission connections, obtains necessary permits, and then puts the project out for public bidding. The winning private sector contractor finances and carries out the construction of the project and then transfers the completed project to CFE for operation and maintenance. The CFE pays the contractor the total amount of the contract after the transfer and resorts to private or public financing institutions for long-term financing to pay the contractor. The risk for the private sector is limited to short-term financing over the construction and commissioning period and guarantees of the equipment. It does not include any risks related to geothermal reservoir or drillings. 83. The Philippines have over 80 million inhabitants and a total installed capacity of around 16,000 MW, of which 2,000 MW are derived from geothermal resources. The government, through its public companies the National Power Company (NPC) and the National Oil Company PNOC-EDC, began geothermal development in early 1960’s and installed mostly small test units through the 1980’s. The early 1990s saw accelerated geothermal power development with approximately 1,000 MW of geothermal capacity added between 1993 and 1997. However, very little geothermal capacity has been added since 1998 when the power sector was unbundled (see Figure 20). The power plants owned by the state-owned companies were gradually privatized ever since. At present, the private Energy Development Company (EDC) owns about 1,200 MW of existing installed capacity or 60 percent of the country’s total. It appears that private companies are keen on acquiring operational geothermal power plants from the public utilities, but are reluctant to invest in green-field development and take on all of the associated risks. 51 GeothermEx, Inc. Risk and Its Mitigation in Geothermal Projects in Indonesia, draft March 2010, for the World Bank. 52 Gutierrez, A., Geothermal Energy in Central America, Mexico, 2008 87PDF Image | Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential Central America
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