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Geothermal Energy Chapter 4 Gas Separator Pump Backup Boiler Radiation Heating 80° 40° Gas Separator Heat Exchanger 45° Pump Backup Boiler Radiation Heating 80° 40° 85° Figure 4.4 | Two main types of district heating systems: top, open loop (single pipe system), bottom, closed loop (double pipe system) (adapted from Dickson and Fanelli, (2003)). the ground, either horizontally at 1 to 2 m depth or vertically in a bore- hole down to 50 to 250 m depth. A water-antifreeze solution is circulated through the pipe. Heat is collected from the ground in the winter and rejected to the ground in the summer. An open loop system uses ground- water or lake water directly as a heat source in a heat exchanger and then discharges it into another well or into the same water reservoir (Lund et al., 2003). Heat pumps operate similarly to vapour compression refrigeration units with heat rejected in the condenser used for heating or extracted in the evaporator used for cooling. GHP efficiency is described by a coefficient of performance (COP) that scales the heating or cooling output to the elec- trical energy input, and typically lies between 3 and 4 (Lund et al., 2003; Rybach, 2005). The seasonal performance factor (SPF) provides a metric of the overall annual efficiency. It is the ratio of useful heat to the consumed driving energy (both in kWh/yr), and it is slightly lower than the COP. 4.4 Global and regional status of market and industry development Electricity has been generated commercially by geothermal steam since 1913. Currently, the geothermal industry has a wide range of partici- pants, including major energy companies, private and public utilities, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, field developers and drilling companies. The geothermal-electric market appears to be accelerating compared to previous years, as indicated by the increase in installed and planned capacity (Bertani, 2010; Holm et al., 2010). 414PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 4
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