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Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy 4.4.1 Status of geothermal electricity from conventional geothermal resources In 2009, electricity was being produced from conventional (hydrother- mal) geothermal resources in 24 countries with an installed capacity of 10.7 GWe (Figure 4.5), with an annual increase of 405 MW (3.9%) over the previous year (Bertani, 2010, see his Table X). The worldwide use of geothermal energy for power generation was 67.2 TWh/yr (0.24 EJ/yr)8 in 2008 (Bertani, 2010) with a worldwide CF of 74.5% (see also Table 4.7). Many developing countries are among the top 15 in geothermal electricity production. Conventional geothermal resources currently used to produce electric- ity are either high-temperature systems (>180°C), using steam power cycles (either flash or dry steam driving condensing turbines), or low to intermediate temperature (<180°C) using binary-cycle power plants. 3,750 3,500 3,250 3,000 2,750 2,500 2,250 2,000 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 500 250 Around 11% of the installed capacity in the world in 2009 was com- posed of binary plants (Bertani, 2010). In 2009, the world’s top geothermal producer was the USA with almost 29% of the global installed capacity (3,094 MWe; Figure 4.5). The US geothermal industry is currently expanding due to state Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and various federal subsidies and tax incen- tives (Holm et al., 2010). US geothermal activity is concentrated in a few western states, and only a fraction of the geothermal technical potential has been developed so far. Outside of the USA, about 29% of the global installed geothermal capacity in 2009 was located in the Philippines and Indonesia. Mexico, Italy, Japan, Iceland and New Zealand together account for one-third of the global installed geothermal capacity. Although some of these mar- kets have seen relatively limited growth over the past few years, others Total: 10,715 MW 0 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 150 [mW/m2] Figure 4.5 | Geothermal-electric installed capacity by country in 2009. Inset figure shows worldwide average heat flow in mW/m2 and tectonic plates boundaries (figure from Hamza et al. (2008), used with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.; data from Bertani (2010)). 8 Based on IEA data presented in Chapter 1, electricity production from geothermal energy in 2008 equaled 65 TWh/yr. 415 United States Philippines Indonesia Mexico Italy N. Zealand Iceland Japan El Salvador Kenya Costa Rica Nicaragua Turkey Russia Papua-N.G. Guatemala Portugal China France Ethiopia Germany Austria Thailand Australia 3,094 1,197 Geothermal-Electric Installed Capacity [MW] 1,904PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 4
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