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Geothermal Energy Chapter 4 Table 4.6 | Priorities for advanced geothermal research (HTHF: high temperature and high flow rate). Complementary research & share knowledge Standard geothermal resource & reserve definitions Predictive reservoir performance modelling Predictive stress field characterization Mitigate induced seismicity / subsidence Condensers for high ambient surface temperatures Use of CO2 as a circulating fluid for heat exchangers Improve power plant design Technologies & methods to minimize water use Predict heat flow and reservoirs ahead of the bit able to predict reservoir behaviour with time, to recommend manage- ment strategies for prolonged field operation and to minimize potential environmental impacts. 4.6.2 Efficient production of geothermal power, heat and/or cooling Equipment needed to provide heating/cooling and/or electricity from geothermal wells is already available on the market. However, the effi- ciency of the different system components can still be improved, and it is even more important to develop conversion systems that more effi- ciently utilize energy in the produced geothermal fluid at competitive costs. It is basically inevitable that more efficient plants (and compo- nents) will have higher investment costs, but the objective would be to ensure that the increased performance justifies these costs. Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration applications provide a means for significantly improving utilization efficiency and economics of geother- mal projects, but one of the largest technical barriers is the inability in some cases to fully utilize the thermal energy produced (Bloomquist et al., 2001). New and cost-effective materials for pipes, casing liners, pumps, heat exchangers and other components for geothermal plants is considered a prerequisite for reaching higher efficiencies. Another possibility for an efficient type of geothermal energy produc- tion is the use of suitable oil fields. There are three types of oil and gas wells potentially capable of supplying geothermal energy for power generation: medium- to high-temperature (>120°C or so) produc- ing wells with a sufficient water cut; abandoned wells due to a high water cut; and geo-pressured brine with dissolved gas. All of these types have been assessed and could be developed depending on the energy market evolution (Sanyal and Butler, 2010). The primary benefit from such a possibility is that the drilling is already in place and can greatly Education / training Improved HTHF hard rock drill equipment Improved HTHF multiple zone isolation Reliable HTHF slim-hole submersible pumps Improve resilience of casings to HTHF corrosion Optimum HTHF fracture stimulation methods HTHF logging tools and monitoring sensors HTHF flow survey tools HTHF fluid flow tracers Mitigation of formation damage, scale and corrosion reduce the first costs associated with geothermal project development. However, these savings may be somewhat offset by the need to handle (separate and clean up) multi-phase co-produced fluids, consisting of water, hydrocarbons and other gases. The potential development of valuable by-products may improve the economics of geothermal development, such as recovery of the conden- sate for industrial applications after an appropriate treatment, and in some cases recovery of valuable minerals from geothermal brines (such as lithium, zinc, high grade silica and in some cases, gold). 4.6.3 Technological and process challenges in enhanced geothermal systems EGS require innovative methods, some of which are also applicable to power plants and direct-use projects based on hydrothermal resources. Among these are (Tester et al., 2006): • Improvement and innovation in well drilling, casing, completion and production technologies for the exploration, appraisal and develop- ment of deep geothermal reservoirs (as generalized in Table 4.6). • Improvement of methods to hydraulically stimulate reservoir con- nectivity between injection and production wells to attain sustained, commercial production rates. Reservoir stimulation procedures need to be refined to significantly enhance the productivity, while reduc- ing the risk of seismic hazard. Imaging fluid pathways induced by hydraulic stimulation treatments through innovative technology would facilitate this. Technology development to create functional EGS reservoirs independent of local subsurface conditions will be essential. • Development/adaptation of data management systems for interdis- ciplinary exploration, development and production of geothermal 422PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 4
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