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Geothermal Energy Chapter 4 constraints are foreseen since EGS developments are less geography- dependent, even though EGS’ resource grades can vary substantially on a regional basis. Social and environmental concerns: Concerns expressed about geothermal energy development include the possibility of induced local seismicity for EGS, water usage by geothermal power plants in arid regions, land subsidence in some circumstances, concerns about water and soil contamination and potential impacts of facilities on scenic quality and use of natural areas and features (such as gey- sers) that might otherwise be used for tourism. Sustainable practices will help protect natural thermal features valued by the community, optimize water and land use and minimize adverse effects from dis- posal of geothermal fluids and gases, induced seismicity and ground subsidence. 4.8.3 Conclusions regarding deployment Overall, the geothermal-electric market appears to be accelerating compared to previous years, as indicated by the increase in installed and planned power capacity. The gradual introduction of new tech- nology improvements, including EGS, is expected to boost the deployment, which could reach 140 to 160 GWe by 2050 if certain conditions are met. Some new technologies are entering the field dem- onstration phase to evaluate commercial viability (e.g., EGS), or the early investigation stage to test practicality (e.g., utilization of supercritical temperature and submarine hydrothermal vents). Power generation with binary plants permits the possibility of producing electricity in countries that have no high-temperature resources, though overall costs are higher than for high-temperature resources. Direct use of geothermal energy for heating and cooling is competitive in certain areas, using accessible, hydrothermal resources. A moderate increase can be expected in the future development of such resources for direct use, but a sustained compound annual growth is expected with the deployment of GHP. Direct use in lower-grade regions for heating and/or cooling in most parts of the world could reach 800 GWth by 2050 (Section 4.8.2). Cogeneration and hybridization with other thermal sources may provide additional opportunities. Evidence suggests that geothermal supply could meet the upper range of projections derived from a review of about 120 energy and GHG-reduction scenarios. With its natural thermal storage capacity, geothermal is espe- cially suitable for supplying base-load power. Considering its technical potential and possible deployment, geothermal energy could meet roughly 3% of global electricity demand by 2050, and also has the potential to provide roughly 5% of the global demand for heating and cooling by 2050. 432PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 4
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