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Background reservoirs range from 200-120°C and low-quality reservoirs are cooler (<120°C), or may be deeper in the ground or have limited water flow.18 High-quality resources are rare in the world; the vast majority of resources are lower-quality. Delineating these resources cannot be done from the surface; expensive well drilling is needed to determine the subsurface characteristics of the geothermal resource. Geothermal resources can be utilized to produce two main types of energy systems: heat (for space heating, water heating, process heat) and electricity, or a combination of the two. 2.3.1 Direct use heating Direct use systems can directly access heat from low-temperature resources (50°C to 150°C). Direct use heat systems require a source of heat (a well), a system of delivery (piping) and a method of disposal (either through re-injection of fluid into the well or storage pond). This technology can provide heat for residential and industrial facilities, and is often used for commercial applications such as greenhouses, fish farms and food processing facilities. 2.3.2 Electricity generation Electricity generation systems use the geothermal heat resource to produce electricity. Various technologies can be employed based on the quality of the geothermal resource. Conventional/Flash systems draw high-pressure, high temperature (for example > 180 °C) geothermal fluid to the surface into a low-pressure chamber where it ‘flashes’ into steam. The pressure created by this steam drives a generator. Condensed steam is either released into the atmosphere as water vapour or re-injected into the geothermal reservoir. In dual flash systems fluids are passed through a separator for a second time, allowing greater extraction of heat. These systems are most often used for electrical generation, but some plants have capability for integrated direct uses as well. The geothermal resources in the NWT are likely not adequate to support a conventional geothermal plant.19 However, additional geoscience data might change this assumption in the future. Binary systems (such as organic rankine cycle) involve two fluids: hot geothermal water, and a ‘working fluid’ (usually a hydrocarbon such as isobutene or pentane) that boils at a low temperature. Heat is exchanged between the geothermal water and the working fluid, and the working fluid boils and vapourizes, driving a turbine to produce electricity and heat. The system operates on two closed loops: cooled water is re-injected, and working fluid is condensed and cycles in the system.20 The closed-loop system is desirable in terms of low or negligible emissions and reduced risk of contamination. Binary systems are often used for both electricity and heat generation. A binary system would be the most likely type of geothermal power 18 Canadian Geothermal Energy Association, “What is Geothermal?” http://www.cangea.ca/what-is-geothermal/ 19 Northwest Territories Environment and Natural Resources, Geothermal Favourability Map: Northwest Territories. 20 International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Essentials: Geothermal (2010). www.iea.org/papers/2010/Geothermal_Essentials.pdf The Pembina Institute 14 Building a regulatory framework for geothermal development in the NWTPDF Image | geothermal energy development in the NWT
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