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Lessons from other jurisdictions and identify the highest priority areas for development.176 The Programmatic Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIS) completed in the western U.S. is another example of such a process. The assessment evaluated the potential environmental impacts, evaluated reasonable alternatives, and looked at the potential cumulative impact of geothermal tenure issuance. This assessment does not preclude the requirement for an individual project assessment, but it can help to provide a template for assessing the impacts and considering cumulative impacts. The PEIS also amended regional land use plans in western states, many of which had not previously addressed the geothermal energy potential.177 In the Western U.S., where different regulatory requirements exist for BLM, Forest Service and Tribal lands, the PEIS helped to streamline the leasing of rights of geothermal energy development and encouraged interagency coordination and public private partnerships in geothermal projects.178 4.4.5 Length of licence In the jurisdictions reviewed, the granting period for geothermal exploration licences is one or two years, with renewal options. The length of time for geothermal development permits ranged from five to 20 years, with extension options. The length of an exploration licence and development permit should take into consideration the seasonal timing for activities and physical access to the land. An exploration permit does not necessarily provide surface access and time to acquire this should also be considered.179 4.5 Geothermal fees and royalties The licensing fees and royalties for geothermal energy exploration and development are generally lower than for petroleum and mining. This can be justified because of the renewable nature of the resource, the lower rate of return for geothermal energy developments as compared to other natural resources, and often because governments desire to promote geothermal energy as a sustainable energy option. Royalty fees have been applied in some jurisdictions and not in others. In some cases, the royalty rates for mineral or petroleum development are applied to geothermal, especially if geothermal fits under existing legislation. This can create a barrier to geothermal development, as has been proven in other jurisdictions.180 Other governments have not set royalty rates, justified on the basis that the resource is renewable and development contributes to achieving national renewable energy targets set out through government policy or plans.181 Two interviewees suggested that it is appropriate for royalty and/or fees to cover the costs for regulators to administer the 176 Orkustofnun, Iceland National Energy Authority, “Master Plan for Hydro and Geothermal Energy Resources in Iceland,” http://www.nea.is/geothermal/master-plan/ 177Personal communication, Kermit Witherbee, Bureau of Land Management, December 10, 2010. 178 Doris, Kreycik and Young, Policy Overview and Options for Maximizing the Role of Policy in Geothermal Electricity Development 179 Personal communication, Alison Thompson, Canadian Geothermal Energy Association, January 20, 2011. 180 Personal communication, Tim Thompson, Borealis GeoPower, December 1, 2010. 181 R. Goodman et al., “GTR-H: Geothermal Legislation in Europe,” in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2010 (Bali, Indonesia, April 25-30, 2010). The Pembina Institute 44 Building a regulatory framework for geothermal development in the NWTPDF Image | geothermal energy development in the NWT
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