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P. Colonna, S. Rebay, J. Harinck and A. Guardone in the magnitude of the velocity between the EoS models, shown in Fig. 4(b), is initially as high as 35% for the PIG model. This difference slowly decreases to 7% at the rear part of the blade and is 8% at the outflow boundary. Nonetheless, this error in the predicted outflow velocity magnitude can lead to an incorrect design of the rotor blades, resulting in reduced turbine efficiency. For the PRSV EoS, this error is less than one percent. The outflow angle, denoted by β, is defined as the angle between the flow direction at the outflow boundary and the axial direction. The outflow angle along the reduced Y - coordinate (scaled with the pitch value), given in Fig. 5(a), shows an oscillatory behavior due to the weak oblique shock waves in the flow field (see Fig. 2). Computations based on the PIG model result in an average outflow angle error of 1.5◦, which may lead to a less-than-optimal design of the rotor blades. For PRSV, the error in the outflow angle negligible. The Mach number along the outflow boundary is plotted in Fig. 5(b). It shows that the PIG EoS predicts, on average, a 2% higher Mach number which may result in a slightly stronger shock wave. This is investigated for part-load operation in Section 3.3. The deviation of the outflow Mach number based on the PRSV EoS with respect to the SW EoS is negligible. Table 2 also lists the percentage deviations of the mass flows with respect to the values computed based on the SW EoS. The mass flow relative to the one based on the SW EoS is 6.8% lower for the PIG EoS and 0.4% higher for the PRSV EoS. If this ORC stator blade were designed using the PIG model, the large error in the predicted relation of mass flow with respect to pressure ratio would also affect the operation of the other components in the ORC cycle, possibly leading to suboptimal cycle performance. Table 2: Percentage difference of the mass flow (DEVm ̇ ) and pressure loss coefficient (DEVCP L ) for the PRSV and PIG EoS models with respect to the values computed based on the SW EoS. The pressure loss coefficient is defined as the mass-weighted average over the outflow boundary of CP L = 1 − P02/P01, where P01 is the total inlet pressure and P02 the local total outflow pressure. EoS model PRSV PIG Design-point DEVm ̇ , % 0.43 -6.76 Part-load DEVm ̇ ,% 0.43 -6.76 DEVCPL,% -1.15 5.67 13PDF Image | REAL-GAS EFFECTS IN ORC TURBINE FLOW SIMULATIONS
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