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10 Energy conservation It has been argued that because of the small size of the population and the high cost of equipment the rates of return on investment have not been profitable for the utilities. Thus utilities do not necessarily promote or advocate energy conservation measures and programmes. However, the nature of energy generation and supply require that the utility must always be able to provide over and above demand if a reliable source of energy is to be provided to the population for development. That dilemma can be overcome if the load demand is streamlined. A good, energy conservation programme can help to reduce the demand at non-critical periods. If this is done, the demands can then be met by non-conventional sources at selected points, or the non-conventional sources can be added to the grid at peak periods to meet demand. Expenditure for meeting installed capacity ratios can be then channeled to alternative energy sources. Renewable energy and integrated planning It is also important to remember that there is the need to bring electricity to the entire population to, among other things, allow children to do their school work utilizing the latest technologies (computers); give communities the opportunity to embark on projects requiring power tools, thereby increasing productivity; and provide a measure of safety through well-lit areas. In most cases renewable energy units can provide for these amenities when the national grid becomes too costly to expand. These are aspects not always factored into the debate on a programme of electricity expansion with limited population, because of the sectoral approach to planning on this and other similar issues. When the role of energy in the development process is considered the profit margins should not be the overriding factor in decision-making. Matters of employment generation, health, increased agricultural productivity, increased level of education of the population, and security of the population are all factors that impact on the economic well- being of the citizens. Another aspect of the need for integrated planning around energy is the question of skewed development in the nation. Tardiness in bringing energy to rural communities will invariably encourage migration of persons to urban areas. This then creates strains on both urban and rural communities. The urban community experiences a strain on its amenities and the rural areas experience a shortage of skilled manpower to promote community development work. Invariably a “boom and bust” syndrome is experienced, that can quickly result in shanty towns developing among the less fortunate of the migrants to the urban areas. Conclusions It is not the intention of this paper to suggest that skewed development will not occur if a programme of renewable energy promotion is adopted. The topic was selected to demonstrate the effects on the planning process in the context of a service that is a necessity for the development of the State. Other services, including education and tourism, can also be used as examples. The question of renewable energy use in the Caribbean has implications for a development strategy, environmental preservation, management and security. For example, thePDF Image | RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE CARIBBEAN
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