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P P (2) el,gross m G exp A part of the gross electricity is used for powering the motor of the pump. During the pressure change of the working fluid in the pump, it absorbs an amount of power given by the equation: P m (hh) pump ORC 1 4 (3) Assuming a motor efficiency ηM accounting for the power losses during the conversion of electricity to mechanical work in the pump, the electric power required by the pump is: P m(hh) (4) ORC 1 4 el,pump M The net electricity produced by the system is therefore equal to: P (h h ) P P P Ppumpm (hh)1 4 el,net el,gross el,pump m G exp ORC m G 2 3 (5) is the useful heat that is delivered from the heat source to the working fluid in the heater: QORC,in Q m(h h )m(hh) (6) ηHS,u is defined. The heat source utilization efficiency is equal to the actual heat recovered, QORC ,in divided by the theoretical maximum amount of heat that could have been recovered from the heat source stream if it was cooled down to the ambient temperature. ORC,in HS HS,in HS,out ORC 2 1 In order to evaluate the utilization degree of the heat source, the heat source utilization efficiency QORC,in mHS(hHS,in hHS,0) , HS,u (7) Two of the most commonly used performance evaluation parameters of thermodynamic cycles and ORCs are the thermal (or first law/energetic) and exergetic (second law) efficiency. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is used to indicate the percentage of the heat input to the ORC that is converted to electric power: el P (8) th QORC,in The thermal efficiency is an indicator that takes into account solely the first law of thermodynamics (energy balance), without considering the inherent qualitative difference between heat and mechanical power. In order to include the limitations imposed by the second law of thermodynamics to the conversion of heat to mechanical work in the analysis, the exergy efficiency can be used. The exergy of a thermodynamic system is defined as the theoretical (according to the second law of thermodynamics) maximum work that can be produced if the system is brought into equilibrium with its surroundings. In the case of a heat source consisting of a hot fluid stream, the exergy EHS of the heat source is given by the expression: E m (h h )T(s s ) (9) HS HS HS,in HS,0 0 HS,in HS,0 where 0 refers to the conditions of the environment (T=15 oC, p=1 bar). The exergy efficiency of the WHR-ORC is expressed as the ratio of the actual work produced by the cycle and the amount of the exergy of the heat source that flows into the system: 6PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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