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el P (10) ex EHS From the above equation it can be seen that the exergetic efficiency directly mirrors the net electric power produced by the system. Based on (6) to (10), another expression of the exergetic efficiency can be given by (11): According to the above equation, for any heat source stream of a given quality (enthalpy and entropy), the exergetic efficiency of the WHR-ORC system is the product of two factors. The first one is the thermal efficiency of the ORC, which is intrinsic of the thermophysical properties and the operational points (pressures, temperatures) of the working fluid within the cycle. The second one is the heat source utilization efficiency and reflects the thermal transfer between the working fluid and the heat source fluid stream. The optimization of the exergy efficiency of the cycle is therefore based on the maximization of the value of the product ηthηHS,u. Consequently, both the thermal and heat source utilization efficiency parameters are equally important when designing the WHR-ORC system. Τhermodynamic efficiency optimization (and not necessarily economic) of waste heat recovery schemes is achieved when the net power output (and the concurrent energy savings) is maximized [5]. For this reason, the exergetic efficiency is considered the most suitable performance parameter for the evaluation of such systems, since it indicates the level of utilization of an energy source that would be otherwise left unexploited. However, the maximization of the exergy efficiency does not necessarily lead to optimized cost-competitiveness, since it can involve excessively large heat exchanger surfaces or other equipment (e.g. turbine/pipings) and consequently much higher capital costs that may offset the actual benefits derived from the increased system efficiency. In addition to this, the operating conditions corresponding to the maximum second law efficiency can in some cases be unrealistic, if, for instance, they lead to a very large volume flow ratio in the expander inlet/outlet or extremely high rotational speeds. Nevertheless, the exergy efficiency remains a useful tool for the preliminary assessment of waste heat recovery processes, allowing for coarse level parametric evaluations and screening of working fluid candidates. Apart from the exergy efficiency, which is used to evaluate the system from a thermodynamic point of view, some other parameters provide more insight into the technical feasibility and economic competitiveness of the WHR-ORC. These are the rotational speed n (which is in this study calculated assuming a specific turbine speed of 0.1, which is considered as optimal [28]), the Size Parameter SP of the turbine, the Volume Flow Ratio VFR of the inlet and outlet streams of the turbine and the UA value (overall heat transfer coefficient U multiplied by the heat exchange surface A) in the heater and the condenser. These parameters are described by the following equations: (hHS,in hHS,amb) ex th HS,u (h h )T (s s ) HS,in 0 0HS,in 0 (11) h 10 Vexp,out 0.75 exp,is n SP Vexp,out (13) h 0.25 exp,is VFR Vexp,out Vexp,in (12) (14) 7PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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