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hh 1 4,is is,pump 14 hh (16) h h (17) 23 is,exp 2 3,is hh The maximum operation pressure of the ORC (which is the pressure under which the heating of the working medium takes place) is varied within a specified range and the cycle’s evaluation parameters which were introduced in the Section 2.2 are estimated. Under the subcritical ORC, the maximum value of the operation pressure is set to 90 % of the critical pressure pcrit of the working fluid. In the case of the supercritical ORC, the pressure is varied from 103 to 130 % of pcrit. These limitations on the pressure range of the system are based on two reasons. Firstly, it has been shown that near the critical point of the working fluid its thermophysical properties become unstable [22, 31]. Secondly, an upper limit to the maximum operating pressure of the ORC is posed in order to maintain realistic pressure ratio values and avoid overly costly equipment. In the supercritical ORC, the turbine inlet temperature of the working fluid is set to 20 K above its critical temperature, in order to ensure that there is no liquid phase formed during its expansion. The assumptions followed for the simulations are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. ORC simulation parameters Efficiencies Expander isentropic efficiency (ηis,pump) Pump isentropic efficiency (ηis,pump) Electromechanical efficiency (ηmηG) Pump motor efficiency (ηM) Heat exchangers Pinch point heater Pinch point condenser Cooling water inlet temperature Cooling water temperature increase Operating pressures Maximum subcritical pressure Maximum supercritical pressure Operating temperatures Maximum subcritical ORC temperature Maximum supercritical ORC temperature 75% 80% 95% 85% 35 K 10 K 20 oC 15 K 90 % of pcrit 130 % of pcrit Saturation temperature at operating pressure Tcrit +20 K Depending on the heat source temperature, the pinch point limitation in the heater cannot not be met for the whole range of operating pressures. In other instances (for Propane), the turbine outlet stream of the working fluid is in the dual phase region of the T-s diagram. In all of the above cases, the results are rejected and as unacceptable. This is because the pinch point limitation is essential in order to maintain a fair comparison between the working fluids and their operational points. At the same time, since at the power ranges investigated in the present work the expander is of the turbine type, the condensation of the working medium during the expansion process is undesirable. 2.3. Working fluids 2.3.1. Pure fluids The set of the examined pure working fluids and their critical temperatures and pressures is given in Table 3. Additional information given is the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and the ASHRAE Safety Group for each fluid [32] The working fluids 9PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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