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25 20 15 10 butane cyclopentane hexane pentane 5 propane R245fa 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Maximum operation pressure (bar) (α) 25 Butane/Propane Pentane/Propane 20 15 10 5 0 Cyclopentane/Propane Butane/Pentane Butane/Hexane Butane/Cyclopentane Hexane/Pentane R245fa Cyclopentane/Hexane Cyclopentane/Pentane 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Maximum operation pressure (bar) (b) Fig 5. Exergy efficiency a) pure fluids and b)binary zeotropic mixtures at a heat source temperature of 150 oC 3.1.1. Pure fluids-THS,in=150oC As can be observed in Fig. 5, for all the pure fluids and mixtures except for Propane, there is an optimal evaporation pressure that maximizes the exergy efficiency. This can be attributed to two antagonistic effects that take place while the operation pressure increases. On one hand, due to the constant pinch point assumption in the heater, as the turbine inlet temperature of the working fluid increases (because the working medium enters the expander as saturated vapor), so does the outlet temperature of the heat source stream. As a result, the heat absorbed by the working fluid QORC,in (which is essentially the heat input to the ORC) is decreased. In other words the value of ηHS,u is diminished. This effect (effect 1) has a detrimental impact on the second law efficiency of the system. On the other hand, increasing the evaporation pressure leads to an increase in the thermal efficiency ηth of the cycle (effect 2). This is because the specific work produced by the turbine increases at a higher rate than the specific work consumed by the pump as the pressure ratio gets higher. Up to a certain evaporation pressure, the negative effect of the decreasing heat input to the ORC (effect 1) is counter balanced by the positive effect of the energy efficiency increase (effect 2). However, after a certain value of the evaporation pressure, which largely depends on the thermophysical properties of the working fluid, the specific work of the turbine and subsequently the cycle’s thermal 13 Exergetic efficiency (%) Exergeticc efficiency (%)PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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