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For the specific binary mixtures that are examined, Butane10/Propane90 exhibits the highest exergetic efficiency (23.20%) which is higher than the efficiency of pure Propane (21.02 %) by around 10%. In the case of Butane/Cyclopentane, the concentration 70/30 is the optimal, with an exergy efficiency of 16.50 %, 23.47% higher than Butane. In the case of Butane/Propane, due to the significantly low critical temperature of Propane, the maximum of the exergy efficiency occurs for a high Propane concentration and the effect of the temperature glide on the efficiency has a minor influence. For Butane/Cyclopentane (Fig. 8 (b)), though, which both have higher critical temperatures, the second law efficiency is optimized when the |ΔΤcw-ΔΤglide| is minimized and the concentration of Butane (which has the lower critical temperature) is higher. It should also be noted that a second local maximum of the exergetic efficiency occurs near the second minimum of the |ΔΤcw-ΔΤglide| difference (Butane20/Cyclopentane80). From the above observations it can be stated that when the heat source temperature is 150 oC the exergy efficiency of the fluid mixtures, is affected by the combined effect of their critical temperature and temperature matching in the condenser. 3.1.3. Overview-THS,in=150oC In Table 5 the cases of the working fluids that exhibit the best second law efficiency are summarized. Both Propane and the Propane/Butane mixture have higher optimal exergetic efficiency than R245fa (approximately by 70-80 %), as well as higher thermal and heat source utilization efficiencies. All three fluids operate under similar pressure ratios (2.59 to 2.90). However, the maximum operation pressure of R245fa is much lower (~1/8) compared to the other working fluids. The UA values of the heater and condenser for all three cases have a minor difference, being slightly lower for R245fa. Although R245fa has a low VFR and rotational speed, its turbine SP and volume flowrate at turbine outlet are significantly higher. Considering the above, from a thermodynamic and technical/economic standpoint, it seems that Propane/Butane and also Propane could be attractive alternatives to R245fa for the utilization of heat sources of 150 oC. A matter that has to be yet to resolved, nevertheless, involves the safety concerns of using Propane as a working fluid for WHR-ORCs, given its high flammability. Table 5. Operational characteristics of optimal fluids at 150 oC heat source temperature Working fluid Pressure (bar) ηex (%) ηth (%) ηHS,u (%) Tmax (oC) Pressure ratio Pel (kWe) UAheat (kWth/K) UAcond (kWth/K) Pure working fluids Binary fluid mixtures Propane Propane/Butane R245fa (90/10) (Subcritical) (m3/h) 38.23 37.26 21.02 23.20 10.74 11.19 35.25 37.34 110.65 96.51 2.59 2.90 25.85 28.53 5.72 6.07 14.02 16.40 27.63 95.24 19834 16691 0.010 0.011 2.94 3.91 8.10 13.04 7.03 33.39 81.37 2.85 16.04 4.67 13.33 268.08 5780 0.023 3.00 Vexp,out n (RPM) SP (m) VFR 3.2. Heat source temperature of 225 oC When the heat source stream inlet temperature is supercritical pure fluids and binary mixtures as options for the WHR-ORC. 17 225 oC, there is the possibility to considerPDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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