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R245fa. In the lower pressure range (below 12 bar), Pentane has the highest exergetic efficiency (27.74%), while below 5 bar hexane exhibits the best performance (around 25%). The reason behind Butane’s advantageous overall performance compared to the other fluids is the moderate difference between the temperature of the heat source and its critical temperature. As a result, the operation of the working fluid under an increased pressure ratio (and energetic efficiency) does not hinder the utilization of the heat source. 3.2.2. Binary zeotropic mixtures-THS,in=225oC Similarly to the case of pure fluids, for the binary mixtures which have high critical temperatures (such as Cyclopentane/Hexane, Cyclopentane/Pentane, and Hexane/Pentane) there exists an optimal maximum operation pressure where the exergetic efficiency is maximized. On the other hand, for mixtures with critical temperatures below 165 oC the efficiency increases monotonously with the pressure. Butane/Propane has the maximum second law efficiency (38.99% subcritical and 46.18 % supercritical). At moderate pressure ranges below 25 bar the efficiency of Butane/Pentane (is the highest among the fluid mixtures, taking values around 30-32%. In lower pressures the mixture of Hexane/Pentane presents the optimal efficiency (27.96 %). Similarly to the case of the pure refrigerants, working fluids with low critical temperatures tend to perform better in high pressures. High critical temperature fluids, on the other hand, are more competitive in lower pressures and are distinguished by the bell shaped ηex-pressure curve. A sensitivity analysis on the composition of the Butane/Propane mixture under subcritical (Fig. 10 (a)) and supercritical (Fig. 10 (b)) conditions follows in order to determine its impact on the performance of the working fluid. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Exergetic Energetic Heat source utilization 15 10 5 00 0 102030405060708090100 % (v/v) concentration of Propane 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Exergetic Energetic Heat source utilization 15 10 5 00 0 102030405060708090100 % (v/v) concentration of Propane (α) (b) Fig. 10 The effect of the relative concentration of the components of the mixture Butane/Propane under α) subcritical and b) supercritical maximum operating pressures on the system efficiency indicators and the matching of the temperatures of the working fluid and cooling medium in the condenser. For each value of the concentration, the characteristics of the optimal operational pressure are plotted. The mixtures Butane70/Propane30 (subcritical ORC) and Butane60/Propane40 (supercritical ORC) exhibit the highest exergy efficiency. Compared to pure Butane, the first second law efficiency improvement is equal 2.58 and 8.88 % respectively. The difference ΔΤcw-ΔΤglide is 3.14 K in the first case and 2.28 K in the second. A tendency of the exergy efficiency to reach its maximum value near the local minimum of the value of ΔΤcw-ΔΤglide that is achieved when the concentration of the most efficient pure component (i.e. Butane) is dominant can be again identified. 19 Efficiency (%) |ΔTcw-ΔΤglide| in the condenser (K) Efficiency (%) ΔTcw-ΔΤglide in the condenser (K)PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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