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3.2.3. Overview-THS,in=225oC As can be seen in Table 6, compared to R245fa, pure butane has higher exergetic efficiency under both subcritical and supercritical conditions by around 4.30 %. Although its rotational speed is as much as double, it has a substantially decreasedVexp,out , SP and VFR, with equivalent UA values and a lower pressure ratio. Consequently, its superiority as a working fluid when the heat source temperature is at 225 oC is not only limited to its thermodynamic performance but also concerns technical aspects of its use as a working fluid. By replacing pure Butane with a mixtures of Propane70/Butane30 (subcritical) and Butane40/Propane60 (supercritical), the exergy efficiency can be improved by 2.58 % and 8.82 %. Under subcritical operation, the pressure ratio, SP, VFR and Vexp,out are lower for Butane30/Propane70. However, the UA value in the condenser is substantially higher. This is because of the reduced ΔΤlm due to the temperature glide during the phase change of the mixture. As a result, although in terms of turbine operation the use of the fluid mixture is favorable, it may require more rigorous condenser design, with subsequent reverberations on the heat exchanger costs. The above remarks also apply when considering the supercritical WHR-ORC comparing pure Butane and Butane40/Propane60. However, in this case, the potential benefits in the exergy efficiency are greater compared to the case of the subcritical ORC and the use of the fluid mixture becomes more attractive. The supercritical ORC generally results in improved exergetic system efficiency (by around 9 % and 5 % in the case of in the case of Butane and R245fa respectively), increased pressure ratios, rotational speeds and VFR values in the turbine, while the volume flow ratio at the expander outlet and size parameter are lower compared to the subcritical cycle. To sum up, when the heat source temperature is 225oC, the use of Butane and Butane/Propane mixtures as replacements of R245fa has considerable benefits from both thermodynamic and technical aspects. Table 6. Operational characteristics of optimal fluids at 225 oC heat source temperature Pure working fluids α) Sub b) Super Butane Butane 34.16 49.35 39.16 42.65 14.92 17.14 65.50 62.12 145.28 171.97 8.19 11.95 104.24 113.53 16.78 16.75 38.34 35.95 611.85 576.39 11035 12621 0.025 0.023 Binary mixture fluids R245fa a) Sub 32.76 38.28 14.60 65.43 148.06 11.72 101.91 16.98 38.15 773.82 6057 0.032 Working fluid Pressure (bar) ηex (%) ηth (%) ηHS,u (%) Tmax (oC) Pressure ratio Pel (kWe) UAheat (kWth/K) UAcond (kWth/K) Vexp,out (m3/h) n (RPM) SP (m) a) Sub Butane/Propane (30/70) 35.38 40.17 13.81 72.60 131.22 6.42 106.93 17.37 55.70 527.96 11016 0.023 b) Super Butane/Propane (40/60) 51.70 46.41 15.92 72.75 149.85 8.35 123.54 17.94 58.86 479.44 12048 0.022 b) Super 47.32 40.29 16.50 60.95 174.05 17.24 107.26 16.27 35.01 717.79 7003 0.030 20PDF Image | Thermodynamic investigation of waste heat recovery
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