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turbine output vs. 45% or so. This also permits the simplification of use of a single compressor without inter-cooling stages. The requisite high pressure (~20 MPa) also confers the benefit of more compact heat exchangers and turbines. Finally, CO2 requires significantly fewer turbine and compressor stages than helium, its principal competitor for nuclear gas turbine service. Over the past several decades developments have taken place that make the acceptance of supercritical CO2 systems more likely. Supercritical CO2 pipelines are in use in the western US in oil-recovery operations [Klins, 1984]. 14 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) are employed in the UK using CO2 at temperatures up to 650 ̊C and a pressure of 4.2 MPa [Beech and May, 1999]. Finally, utilities now have experience with Rankine cycle power plants at pressures as high as 28MPa. Extensive recent improvements in compact heat exchangers and gas turbomachinery are another relevant favorable development. Furthermore, CO2 is the subject of R&D as the working fluid in schemes to sequester CO2 from fossil fuel combustion and for refrigeration service as a replacement for CFCs. One disadvantage of CO2 in a direct cycle application is the production of N-16, which will require turbine plant shielding (albeit much less than in a BWR). Another disadvantage of CO2 compared to helium is that it is more corrosive. However, experience with British AGR units operating with CO2 up to 650oC has established sufficient knowledge of corrosion mechanisms and demonstrated satisfactory material performance. The supercritical CO2 cycle is of primary interest today in the efforts for reduction of the cost of the balance of plant in advanced nuclear reactors. The cycle’s favorable characteristics are well established. It was initially investigated in the 1960’s and 1970’s but was not deployed in part because LWRs have too low a core exit temperature and the cycle is not well suited for conventional fossil plant service. The high pressure (20 MPa) was also considered a drawback, but since then utilities have acquired experience with supercritical steam units well above 20 MPa. The supercritical CO2 recompression cycle offers a more efficient, significantly simpler and more compact alternative to the 4PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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