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superheated steam cycle. It is also considerably simpler than the helium Brayton cycle and achieves the same efficiency as helium Brayton cycles, which operate at much higher temperatures. The supercritical CO2 cycle at 550oC achieves 46% thermal efficiency, which is the same as the helium Brayton cycle at 800oC (if all losses are taken into account). This allows initial deployment of the cycle at lower temperatures (550oC), which are common in current industrial practice, and one can subsequently improve the cycle efficiency as more operating experience and higher temperatures become available. CO2 has been used in British AGRs for more than 20 years at core exit temperatures up to 650oC. At this temperature the cycle achieves a thermal efficiency of around 50%. Electricity generated by this cycle can be used for hydrogen production from high temperature electrolysis. An MIT study [Yildiz et al., 2003] shows that this is currently the most efficient way of producing hydrogen. More importantly, the supercritical CO2 cycle has a large potential to significantly reduce the cost of nuclear power plants, which is currently the main obstacle towards their deployment. 1.2 Objectives and Contributions Even though there has been considerable prior research done in the area of supercritical CO2 cycles a detailed feasibility study that performs a full-scope cycle optimization, component design, economic analysis and control scheme development is not available. Most of the earlier analysis focused either on a purely thermodynamic analysis of the cycle, or on a steady state reference point design. Generally, the process used (if any) in the selection of the optimum cycle layout is quite vague. The major contributions of this work are: • The development of an optimization scheme for Brayton cycles. • Identification of the most promising supercritical CO2 cycle layout • Identification of the best suited operating conditions • Design of major cycle components • Development of a suitable control scheme for the selected cycle layout • An economic analysis and quantification of the savings that a supercritical CO2 cycle can offer over steam and helium cycles. 5PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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